The past and present of Jinghe River
The Jinghe River originates from Maweiliang in the hinterland of Liupan Mountain. As soon as it comes out of the mountain, the water is huge and turbulent. The Liujiahe Dam flows into Pingliang, Gansu Province, and joins the Wei River in Gaoling County, Shaanxi Province.
The total length of Liupanshan Nature Reserve is 29 kilometers, with a drainage area of 231.49 square kilometers.
The Jinghe River can be said to be the largest river in the Liupan Mountains.
The Jing River is famous for its clarity. After running thousands of miles and converging with the turbid Wei River, you can still see its clear half. This is where the idioms "Jing and Wei are distinct" and "Jing is clear and Wei is turbid" were born.
Liupanshan created the Jinghe River, and the Jinghe River gave birth to Liupanshan. Within the hundreds of miles of the birthplace of the Jinghe River, there are lush forests and bamboos, hundreds of flowers blooming, and birds chirping. It is listed by the country For a nature reserve.
A third-level tributary of the Yellow River.
In central Shaanxi Province, China.
It originates from Ningxia *** at the eastern foot of Liupan Mountain in the southern part of the autonomous region. It has two sources, the north and the south: the south source comes from Laolongtan, Jingyuan County, and the north source comes from Guyuan Dawan Town. The two sources flow to Bali, Pingliang City, Gansu Province. Converging with the bridge, it flows southeast through Jingchuan River, enters Changwu County, Shaanxi Province at Yangjiaping, and flows southeastward to Chenjiatan, Gaoling County, where it joins the Wei River.
The total length is 455.1 kilometers and the drainage area is 45,400 square kilometers.
There are many tributaries, including the Malian River, Pu River, Heihe River, Malan River, Shang River, etc.
The average annual precipitation in the basin is 550 mm, mainly concentrated in summer.
The runoff is unevenly distributed throughout the year, and there is a huge difference between flood and dry flow. The maximum flood flow at Zhangjiashan Station was 9,200 cubic meters per second on August 5, 1933, and the minimum flow was only 1.94 cubic meters per second on April 15, 1977. m/s.
The multi-year average annual runoff is 2.44 billion cubic meters.
The water and soil erosion in the basin is serious, with an average annual sand content of 141 kg/m3 and a maximum sand content of 1430 kg/m3.
The ancients said that "Jinghe is turbid and Weihe is clear", which only means that the sediment content of Jinghe River is higher than that of Weihe River in a relative sense.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Jinghe River basin was regulated and developed. Reservoirs were built in the upper and middle reaches and large-scale soil and water conservation work was carried out. The downstream excavation and channel expansion projects were carried out.
The head dam of the Jinghui Canal was reconstructed, which increased the water diversion and expanded the downstream irrigation area.
The Jinghe River is named after the residence. The Jinghe River has a long history. It existed during the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms.
According to "Huai'an Prefecture Chronicles": In the fifth year of Zhengtong in the Ming Dynasty (1440), the Jinghe River dam was built to allow boating.
At the beginning of Jingtai, a gate was built and a warehouse was built to exchange grain from Qing County in Yancheng.
There are names such as "Jinghepu", "Jinghedongfang", "Jinghe Bridge" and "Jingheguan" in "Shanyang County Chronicle".
There are more than 260 industrial enterprises in the town, including 12 key enterprises. It has initially formed an industry with chemical industry, industrial pumps, automobile and motorcycle accessories, agricultural and sideline products processing, wood processing, feather processing, etc. dominant industrial development pattern.
The Legend of the Jinghe River
Chapter 10 of Wu Chengen's "Journey to the West" "The Old Dragon King's clumsy plan violated the rules of heaven and Prime Minister Wei left a letter to the underworld official", which is about what happened in Laolongtan of the Jinghe River. story.
It is said that during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, there were severe droughts for several years and no harvest.
Prime Minister Wei Zheng disguised himself as an old farmer and paid a private visit to Laolongtan. He used his fortune-telling skills and learned that the Jade Emperor had issued a decree to the governor of Jinghe River. Laolong planted melons in the parched land the next day and night. bean.
The Jinghe Old Dragon who turned into a mortal was very surprised when he saw this. Wei Zheng told the truth. The Dragon King did not know about the decree to rain at this time, so he made a bet with Wei Zheng to win or lose.
After the Dragon King of Jinghe returned to the palace, he indeed received the imperial edict from the Jade Emperor. In order not to lose to Wei Zheng, he changed the day and night of gentle wind and drizzle to three days and three nights of violent storms, causing flooding.
One day, Wei Zheng suddenly fell asleep while playing chess with Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty. It turned out that at this time, the Jade Emperor summoned Wei Zheng and ordered him to kill the Dragon King of Jinghe who violated the rules of heaven. In his dream, Wei Zheng beheaded the old dragon of Jinghe.
More than a hundred years later, during the Zhenyuan period of Tang Dynasty, Lao Longtan once again performed the story of Liu Yi’s passing of letters through the ages.
After the old Dragon King of Jinghe was beheaded and his son succeeded him, the Dragon King of Dongting married his only daughter to the Little Dragon King of Jinghe in accordance with the wishes of the Jade Emperor. However, the Little Dragon King of Jinghe had a cruel temperament and liked the new and disliked the old, so he exiled the Dragon Girl to Sheep herding on the Jinghe River beach.
Liu Yi, a scholar from Hunan who came to Beijing and failed in the exam, went to Jingyang to visit friends and met the Dragon Girl by chance. He helped the Dragon Girl send a message to Dongting. The Dragon Girl’s third uncle, the Dragon King of Qiantang, led three thousand troops to rescue him. Hou Longnu became a mortal woman and married Liu Yi.
To this day, there is still the "Dragon Girl Cave" under the cliff near Laolongtan.
According to legend, the well-known living Buddha Jigong once practiced at the Zhangjiatai Grottoes in Xinmin Township; when Mu Guiying was in charge of guarding the Three Passes, he once set up a war posture on the swing with "two peaks like pillars" in Huanghua Township today. The robe swings across the swing.
Jinghe River Jinghe River is a secondary tributary of the Yellow River, with a total length of 455.1 kilometers, originating from the eastern foot of Liupan Mountain in Ningxia.
There are two sources, the southern source comes from Laolongtan, Jingyuan County, and the northern source comes from Dawan Town, Guyuan.
The west source flows to Baliqiao, Pingliang City, Gansu Province, flows eastward to Pingliang and Jingchuan, enters Changwu County, Shaanxi Province at Yangjiaping, then flows through Binxian, Yongshou and Chunhua, and enters at the border of Zhangjiashan, Jingyang County Guanzhong Plain, where it meets the Wei River at Chenjiatan, Gaoling.
The Jinghe River Basin covers an area of 45,421 square kilometers, including 33 counties and cities in southeastern Ningxia, Longdong Gansu, and northwest Guanzhong, Shaanxi, with a total population of 5.7 million and 20.25 million acres of arable land.
There are four types of landforms in the basin: mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains.
Mountainous areas account for 4.31%, represented by Liupanshan and Guanshan; plateaus are crisscrossed with ravines, and the ravine area accounts for more than 50%.
The Jinghe River Basin has a continental climate, with rainfall and temperature gradually decreasing from southeast to northwest. The average annual precipitation is 550 mm, and the average annual temperature is about 10°C.
The main tributaries of the Jinghe River include Malian River, Puhe River, Heihe River, Shanghe River, etc., and the average ratio of the main stream dropped by 2.47%.
Ningxia and Gansu provinces are concentrated areas of tributaries. The main stream cuts 100-150 meters deep into the Loess Plateau and hills. The main stream runs from Pingliang, Gansu to Xufantou, Binxian County, Shaanxi. The river valley is 1-3 kilometers long, with little water drop. There are many sandy beaches; starting from breakfast, we will go to Zhangjiashan in Jingyang County, which is a 100-kilometer rapids canyon section, passing through the original area of sandstone and limestone soil and rock mountains. The valleys are deep, the mountains are steep, the water is rapid, and there are many dangerous shoals. It is an 800-mile Qinchuan alluvial plain area. , the terrain is flat, the water flow is stable, the ratio is only 1%, and the soil is fertile and suitable for irrigation.
The Jinghe River is famous for its violent floods and large sediment load (ranking the highest among river tributaries in the country). It is one of the main floods and sources of sediment in the Weihe River and the Yellow River.
The Jinghe River’s multi-year average The runoff is 2.14 billion cubic meters.
The annual runoff is unevenly distributed.
According to the observations of Zhangjiashan Station, it is generally Xiafeng (accounting for 42.75% of the annual runoff) and Qiuping (accounting for 42.75% of the annual runoff). Accounting for 31.6%), less winter (accounting for 10.1%), flood and low water are very different.
On August 5, 1933, the maximum flood flow at this station was 9,200 cubic meters/second (the total flood volume reached 1.46 billion cubic meters, causing a huge flood in Shaanxi County); the minimum flow rate on April 15, 1977 was only 1.94 cubic meters/second.
The difference between flood and dryness is 4742 times.
Jinghe River. The water and soil erosion in the basin is extremely serious, with an average annual total sediment load of 3.09 tons.
The maximum sediment content is 1430 kg/cubic meter, and the annual average sediment content is 141 kg/cubic meter, which is more than three times that of the Yellow River. The average annual sediment transport rate is 7150 tons/km2.
The Jinghe River Basin has flat land, developed agriculture, rich mineral deposits, and great economic development potential.
The cultivated land accounts for the entire basin area. Nearly 1/3 of it is a famous grain-producing area in the northwest region.
Dong Zhiyuan in Gansu is known as the "Granary of Longdong"
The counties on both sides of the Jinghe River in Shaanxi are rich in loess. Jijinghuiqu Irrigation Area is the main commercial grain and oil base in Shaanxi.
The entire basin produces wheat and corn.
It is also a famous hometown of fruits, medicinal materials, flue-cured tobacco, water pears, red dates, etc. Apples, persimmons, salsa, etc. are all produced in large quantities.
The output of bristles, wool, eggs, rabbit meat, etc. is also considerable.
Guanzhong is also famous for its Qinchuan cattle. Donkey production area.
The basin is also rich in coal, oil, natural gas, kerogen shale, building materials and other minerals. The coal reserves in Bin County alone reach 10 billion tons.
There is also a lot of oil, and there is an oil field named Chang (Wu) Qing (Yang).
The coal mining, oil, cement, tobacco, machinery, electricity, fur, flour, and food industries in the basin are beginning to take shape, and township and village enterprises are developing rapidly.
Highways extend in all directions, promoting the exchange of materials.
The Jinghe River Basin is the birthplace of the Chinese nation, with a long history and splendid culture.
Chairman Mao's "The peak of Liupan Mountain, the red flag rolls in the west wind" has long been popular, "Guanshan Moon", "Longtou Yin" and other poems are too numerous to mention.
The scenery of Gaoyuan is picturesque, like the poem "Pizhou" written by Tan Sitong in the Qing Dynasty (now known as Bin County):
The birds are calling the wind under the Tangli tree,
The peaches and plums beside the stream are white and red.
Spring is like the sea for a hundred miles,
The lonely city is hidden among thousands of flowers.
A vivid description of the beautiful scenery here.
The cultural relics and historic sites in the Jinghe River Basin have long been famous at home and abroad. In 1973, the largest and best-preserved Stegodon fossil was discovered on the west bank of the Lianhe River, 8 kilometers northwest of Heshui County, Gansu Province. 2.5 million years.
The Zhaojiacha Paleolithic site, 45 kilometers southwest of Huachi County, is recognized worldwide as the earliest Paleolithic site discovered in my country.
Pingliang City West Kongtong Mountain Taoist Temple Building, Jingchuan County Queen Mother Palace Grottoes and South Cave Temple (Dongfang Cave).
The North Grotto Temple in the south of Xifeng Town, Qingyang County, etc. are all famous ancient temples and temples in Gansu.
The Tang Dynasty Zhaoren Temple in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, has a unique main hall architecture. There is a stone tablet inscribed with the calligraphy of Yu Shinan, a great calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty.
The Great Buddhist Temple in the west of Bin County was built by Li Shimin in the second year of Tang Zhen (628 AD) to celebrate his mother's birthday.
The Big Buddha is 24 meters high.
There is the tomb of Qin Tianfu Jian in Shuikou Township.
In addition, there are the tombs of Jiang Yuan and Gong Liu of the Zhou tribe.
The Zhaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty in Liquan County is even more famous at home and abroad. The stone carvings of "Six Horses of Zhaoling" are treasures known to the world.
Around Zhaoling, there are 157 tombs of famous ministers, generals, concubines and princesses, including Wei Zheng, Li Jing, Fang Xuanling and Yuchi Jingde.
Jingyang County has places of interest such as Zhengguqu Site, Chongwen Pagoda of the Ming Dynasty and Huiliang Temple.
Xilan Highway is generally the northern route of the Guanzhong Silk Road since the Han and Tang Dynasties.
Therefore, the Jinghe River Basin is one of the major tourist attractions and hot spots in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces.
The most important historical contributions of the Jinghe River Basin are the rise of the Zhou Dynasty and the construction of the Zhengguo Canal.
The Zhou Dynasty prospered in Bin (today's Bin County, Shaanxi). More than ten generations lived in Bin from Gong Liu to King Tai of Zhou (ancient Gong Dan Wen). They developed agriculture and were later invaded by Rong and Di. King Tai of Zhou was After Bin moved to Qi, he migrated from the Jing River Basin to the Wei River Basin and settled in Zhouyuan (today's Qishan, Fufeng County area) at the foot of Qishan Mountain. The news spread to King Wen, and King Wu reached his peak.
In 1066 BC, King Wu defeated Zhou and finally established the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The Zhou ancestors lived in Bin, and their literary and martial arts laid the foundation for defeating Zhou and unifying China.
"The Book of Songs·Binfeng·July" provides a vivid and detailed description of agricultural activities, indicating that the agriculture of the Western Zhou Dynasty played a leading role in the country at that time.
History calls "focusing on crops and cultivating grains" as Binfeng's legacy.
To this day, the ancient building "Song Bin Hall" is still preserved in Beijing's Xiannong Altar, and there is also a "Binfeng Bridge" in the Summer Palace, which shows the profound impact of Jinghe River agriculture on my country's agriculture.
In the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Qin Shihuang began to build the Zhengguo Canal in 246 BC. It took ten years to complete the canal. The canal was selected at the mouth of the valley at the west foot of Zhongshan (Zhangjiashan) (today’s Chuantou Village, Wangqiao Township, Jingyang County). The Jingshui River enters the canal, and along the way it receives the Yeyu River, Qingshui River, Zhuoyu River, Qishui, Jushui, etc., and leads to the Luo River in the east.
After the canal was completed, "more than 40,000 hectares of land were irrigated and fertilized, and every acre was harvested. As a result, Guanzhong became a fertile field and there were no bad years" ("Historical Records of the River Canal"). The country completed the great cause of unification, and then provided a supply guarantee for Liu Bang to defeat Xiang Yu and establish the Western Han Dynasty.
Zhengguo Canal, together with Ling Canal and Dujiangyan, were formerly known as the three major water conservancy projects of the Qin Dynasty.
Later, Baigong Canal in the Han Dynasty, Sanbai Canal in the Tang Dynasty, Fengli Canal in the Song Dynasty, Wang Yushi Canal in the Yuan Dynasty, Guanghui Canal and Tongji Canal in the Ming Dynasty, Longdong Canal in the Qing Dynasty, and Jinghui Canal in the Republic of China. The canals were built based on the remains of the Zheng Guo canal.
Jinghe River is located on the Loess Plateau.
Due to the destruction of the reactionary ruling classes in the past dynasties and the excessive cultivation of agriculture, the forests in the Jinghe River Basin were destroyed, and the fertile loess plateau was cut into pieces, forming thousands of ravines.
Severe water and soil erosion has caused "a stone in Jingshui River contains several buckets of mud". The Jinghe River is turbid and rolling, causing damage to agriculture.
Du Fu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, once lamented that "Qinshan's endurance is broken, and Jingwei is unavailable."
The forests in the Jinghe River Basin have declined sharply, soil and water have been lost, and the agricultural ecological environment has deteriorated, resulting in nine droughts in ten years.
In the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929, there was a severe drought), many people died of hunger in Longdong, Guanzhong.
At that time, 2.5 million people died of starvation in Shaanxi Province alone, and 400,000 people fled. The Jinghe River Basin was also full of rural areas, and nine out of ten houses were empty.
After the liberation of the country, the Jinghe River has undergone development and undergone tremendous changes after more than 30 years of management.
The state has supported a large-scale comprehensive management of soil and water conservation and water conservancy and hydropower construction, and built more than 1,000 acres of horizontal fields and horizontal terraces, turning the former "three fields" of water, soil and fertilizer into It has become a "three-guaranteed field", and many original areas have been transformed into square fields and forest networks, and a number of advanced examples of soil and water conservation on a county basis have emerged, such as Zhengning County in Gansu Province, Changwu County in Shaanxi Province, and Chunhua County in Shaanxi Province.
Chunhua County has afforestation of more than 300,000 acres, greened more than 70% of the barren hills, and built 80,000 acres of economic forest, making it an advanced forestry county in the country. 16 countries and regions have visited here. .
Water conservancy construction is also booming. Yishan, Zaoqu, Chaoyang, Bajiazui and other reservoirs have been built on thousands of tributaries of the Jinghe River.
Wells and stations are dotted all over the place, allowing parts of the plateau to be irrigated and initially solving the problem of water for humans and animals.
The head dam of the Jingfu Canal was constructed and renovated, the diversion flow rate was expanded from 16 cubic meters/second to 50 cubic meters/second, and double insurance of wells and canals was realized, and the irrigation area was expanded from 630,000 acres to With an area of 1.32 million acres, it has become a high-yield irrigation area with a yield of over 1,000 kilograms per mu.
Since the liberation of the Jinghe River Basin, transportation has been improved.
Jinghe River bridges were built in Zaidu, Liquan, Huoshizui, Binxian, Jingchuan, Pingliang and other places in Gansu, and an airport was built in Xifeng, which greatly facilitated transportation.
In recent years, industry and township enterprises have developed rapidly.
At the same time, the scenic spots and historic sites in the basin have been well protected and repaired.
Shaanxi has successively repaired Xunyi Pagoda, Binxian Pagoda, Yongshou Pagoda, Binxian Dafo Temple and Shuiliandong.
The Zhaoling Museum was built in Liquan County, becoming the second "Forest of Steles" in Shaanxi. It is a new hotspot for tourism in Xi'an, and the tourism industry has developed rapidly.