Does the moisture content in the sample affect the measured value of crude fiber?
raise livestock/poultry
1. Feeding the number of cows reduces labor intensity and improves feeding efficiency. Generally, cows are fed every 2 12, and 1 in the morning and evening, so as to ensure that cows have enough to eat and rest, improve the digestive function of gastrointestinal tract during rumination, and reduce the number of cows.
2. Feeding type is ideal. Feed concentrated feed, coarse feed and green feed are mixed and fed according to a certain proportion to improve feed digestibility. Because it needs manpower, the feeding place can do something. Feed roughage and concentrated feed first to ensure that cows are full and promote them to eat. Reduce the amount of leftovers in the trough. The roughage is wet mixed, soaked, fermented, cut and crushed to improve the digestion and utilization rate.
Laizhou Hongxun Beef Cattle Breeding Trading Service Company explored specific measures to induce hedged cattle to increase their feed intake:
(1) We should strictly screen the people's experience of "eating by mouth" when buying cattle. (2) At the initial stage of fattening, the proportion of coarse grains can be lower than 50%, improving feed group, exercising gastrointestinal function and increasing stomach capacity.
(3) Feed roughage, concentrate and water less.
(4) Feeding adult beef cattle with high quality and palatable green feed can restore and enhance gastrointestinal function; Change feed form and process feed, such as cooking and tabletting, to improve palatability.
(5) Ensure the supply of fresh and sufficient drinking water day and night.
(6) Drugs with additives to help digestion.
(7) Feed supply should be gradually increased, not too fast or too fast, otherwise it is easy to waste scraps or cause digestive changes, and feed changes need about 1 week.
3. Feeding types mainly include grazing feeding, tethered house feeding and combination of grazing house feeding.
Grazing and feeding Pastoral areas Grazing with pasture is suitable for cattle of all ages in agricultural areas. The main use of floodplain, sandy beach, grass mound and grass slope is beneficial to the rapid fattening of calves and the promotion of bone development by grazing cattle.
House feeding has the characteristics of fast production speed and high economic benefit.
In the area where grazing and house feeding are combined, forage is abundant. In summer and autumn, it is suitable for herders to supplement concentrate and completely house feed in winter hay period.
Management technology
1. Reasonable grouping and solution of beef cattle's performance, important indexes and fattening effect, weighing ten important weights, including weighing before fattening, weighing at regular intervals during fattening and weighing in monthly column. 1 not only affects the fattening effect and slow selection speed, but also affects the handling of cattle.
Avoid weighing errors in the same situation. The order of fasting weighing before feeding in the morning should be basically the same. Reduce labor intensity and extract 10% of the total number of shares. The average value calculated by weighing represents the weight gain of the whole herd.
The scale frame is used to weigh the cow frame.
2.No.No. Production management, weighing, statistics, epidemic prevention and treatment are of great significanceNo.No. Calves should be fattened first and then fattened, and easy fattening should be adopted.
Numbering ear tags, listing paint, shearing and branding, making practical ear tags, using special ear tag pliers, hanging cow ears is simple and easy to save, and ear numbers are clearly listed and easy to fall off and wear; Paint shear curing room is short for short-term marking; Use it as if it were branded on the skin.
3. Before fattening in groups, fattening cattle should be reasonably fed in groups according to factors such as breed, weight, gender and age, physical strength and fatness, and kept in captivity, and directly fed in the corresponding position of the cattle bed. The group should be free-range near the night, and the group is more likely to make achievements. It is necessary to observe and prevent fights.
Reasonable herd is helpful to strengthen management, improve labor efficiency, facilitate the adoption of the same feed feeding management model, promote cattle to improve economic benefits, and even prevent some weak cattle from accidental death due to uneven herd.
Cattle should be tied according to the requirements of feeding management. If the cows are tied in a fixed position with two ropes, they should be fed according to the convenience of the cowshed. The number of cattle in the free-range herd is 10- 15, which is beneficial to management, competition, labor productivity and competitive feeding among cattle.
4. Anti-insect disinfection and epidemic prevention frame should be injected with comprehensive anti-insect and epidemic prevention in vivo and in vitro before the crossbreeding period of cattle ends and turns to fattening period; In addition, before intensive fattening at the end of the fattening period, cattle should be grazed regularly, and the purchased cattle should directly enter the barn for early hybridization. At the end of the feeding period, the health condition should be checked and transferred to the barn.
Cowhouses and cattle farms should be disinfected regularly. Each column and each batch of cattle should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Visitors are forbidden to enter, and foreigners who have not been disinfected are prevented from entering the cowshed.
5. Potential cattle farmers choose bulls to fatten cows for breeding offspring. The fattening effect of potential cattle was studied. The fattening effect of potential cattle is faster before 2 years old, and the carcass quality and lean meat rate are high. The feed conversion rate is high, and cattle products provide 1 egg for each fattening cow, which increases income. Nowadays, fattening cattle farms generally raise potential bulls as fattening cattle.
2-year-old bulls should consider the situation, otherwise they should take care of it. The smell of meat will affect the carcass quality.
6. Restrict the rapid weight gain of beef cattle for fattening purposes, so it is necessary to restrict transportation and reduce consumption. Suitable hauling yard transportation rooms should be set up for feeding fattening cattle in tethered barns: in the morning and evening of summer and in the afternoon of winter, the grazing distance must be shortened, the transportation should be reduced, and the rest and the deposition of beneficial nutrients in the body should be increased.
7. Doing a good job of cleaning and cleaning the cow body can not only promote the blood circulation of the body, but also benefit the body. You can ensure that the cow body and cowshed are kept clean every time. Pay attention to keep the cow bed dry every time you clean it. The whole environment of dairy farm should be cleaned regularly, kept clean and quiet, afforested and shaded.
8. The feed intake of hybrid cattle weighing more than 500 kg, if continued feeding, will increase the weight gain speed and increase income.
Feed back waste and ensure economic benefits.
(3) Operating procedures for beef cattle feeding management
In order to raise beef cattle, improve the feeding level of departments, increase weight gain and feed remuneration, and maintain production order, beef cattle breeding enterprises must formulate a set of rules and regulations, and the operating procedures of feeding management are particularly important. Now, the operating rules of a cattle farm are introduced for your reference.
1. Feeding beef cattle must be fixed, quantified, sequenced, fixed and mastered:
(1) Feeding number: 1 In the morning and evening of feeding 2.
(2) Feeding sequence: feed coarse materials first, then concentrate water. Each shift should clean the trough before feeding.
(3) Feeding amount: Feed is designed according to the same feeding stage, concentrate is mixed, roughage is quantified, and feed is reduced as appropriate, so that each cow can eat and drink enough.
(4) Feed processing and modulation: Rice straw must be short ammoniated or mixed with distiller's grains to ferment corn straw silage. Pay attention to the proportion to prevent impurities from mixing into the feed.
(5) Drinking water: Workers in each shift must drink enough clean water to feed concentrate; Increase drinking water at night1; In hot summer, keep enough water in the tank; Stop drinking water for 0.5- 1 and add urea to feed.
2. Management:
(1) five notes: pay attention to your appetite when watching cows eat; Look at the tripe and pay attention to eating; Look at the cow state and pay attention to the spirit; Look at cow dung and pay attention to digestion; Check the abnormal findings of cow rumination and report to the technician.
(2) All purchased cows must change the number of reins, and change them after checking whether the cow rope is strong.
(3) Weighing: Weigh the purchased cows into the pens, regularly draw the weighing pens for weighing every month, and weigh the cows on an empty stomach before feeding in the morning.
(4) Periodic worms: including in vivo and in vitro deworming observation period before fattening 2.
(5) What do cleaners do?
① Brush and brush cows every afternoon,1;
(2) cleaning the cow bed of the cow dung and excrement removal field; Cleaning the cow bed 1 in summer afternoon and1in winter afternoon;
(3) before the shift, clean the material channel and dung channel to keep it clean and tidy;
(4) Tools shall be cleaned in each shift, neatly stacked between tools, and feeding tools shall be strictly disinfected regularly;
⑤ Keep the cowshed clean and tidy, and regularly clean and remove wild weeds.
⑥ Do a good job of heatstroke prevention and cooling in summer and keep warm in winter.
⑦ Keep the cowshed quiet.
3. Observe that the new beef cattle are fed with clean water for the first time in the adaptation period and add appropriate amount of salt (about 30g per cow); Second, feed clean grass and green hay, and gradually start feeding distiller's grains or a small amount of concentrate silage until the amount increases to 5-7. After 2-3 weeks' observation, they were transferred to the fattening shed.
During the observation period, cows should pay special attention to appetite, drinking water and defecation.
4. Work and rest schedule (adjusted according to winter and summer)
Afternoon work content
(1) feeder
6: 00-6: 3017: 00-17: 30 to clean the cow trough and check the bridle.
6: 30-8: 3017: 30-18: 30 to convey and feed coarse materials and gradually add them.
8: 30-9: 30 19: 30-20: 00 mixing, transportation, feed concentrate and feed water.
9: 30- 10: 00, 20: 30-2 1: 00, sweep the road and hand over the shift.
(2) Auxiliary workers
6: 00-7: 3015: 00-16: 30 to remove cow dung.
Brush the cows at 7: 30-8: 3016: 30-17: 30.
8: 30-9: 3017: 30-18: 30, scrape dung on the cow bed and clean the dung trough.
9: 30- 10: 00 morning glory trough transportation
18: 30- 19: 00 shift change
(3) Duty: In addition to shift work, there should be a special person on duty in the beef farm.
5. Operation requires six cleanings: feed cleaning, feed trough cleaning, drinking water cleaning, cattle body cleaning, pen house cleaning and cattle farm cleaning.
(1) Bait feeder: Feed bait in the specified order, feed less water and more moldy and deteriorated materials. When nails, steel wire plastic ropes, bags, animal hair and other sundries are found, ensure that the drinking water is clean; Do a good job in cleaning cattle troughs and tunnels and cleaning the main roads in the sanitation work area; Pay attention to whether the reins of the cattle are loose, and report to the technician if the cattle feed abnormally. (2) Auxiliary workers: clean up the cow dung in the cow bed, load it and transport it to the dung yard; Wash the cow bed to keep it clean. This will be different from the cleaning of feces and the transportation of Petunia trough.
Brush the cattle body left and right along the front brush every afternoon, pay special attention to the back line and abdomen brush to clean the dirt on the buttocks, and pay attention to regularly cleaning the brushing tools to disinfect the external injuries and swelling of cattle. Regularly clean, disinfect and clean the excrement and urine ditch.
(3) On duty: responsible for cleaning up the cow dung in the cowshed of this class; Observe the state of cattle, check the reins, prevent lasso from running, and ensure the safety of cattle; Keeping utensils; Ensure that there is enough drinking water in the cow trough; Do a good job of heatstroke prevention and cooling in the summer afternoon, and give cattle beds and cows water.
(4) Mixer: All kinds of feeds are required to be weighed accurately and mixed evenly in proportion; The mineral additives with less dosage are mixed step by step and filled evenly.
(5) Handover content: beef cattle are handed over to cleaners and labor tools are handed over to security guards.
Technical specification for feeding and management of dairy cows
1 and range
These Provisions shall apply to the feeding, feeding, management, delivery, milking, breeding and epidemic prevention of dairy cows.
2. Terminology
2. 1 The milk yield of high-yield dairy cows reached 6000kg in 305d, and the milk fat content was 3.2%.
2.2 Primiparous cows refer to cows that give birth for the first time.
2.3 Newborn cow refers to any cow that has just given birth.
2.4 Breed cows refer to cows before pregnancy.
2.5 Calves refer to lactating cows.
2.6 Perinatal period refers to the period before delivery 15d for each cow.
2.7 The peak lactation period refers to the lactation period within 15d, just as the end of the peak lactation period refers to the lactation period between 16 and 100d.
2.8 lactation refers to the peak period of lactation, which generally refers to the first 10 1 ~ 200 d between lactation periods.
2.9 lactation The period before the dry milk period generally refers to 20 1 to the dry milk period.
2. 10 dry milk period refers to the period from 15 before stopping milking to delivery.
2. 1 1 roughage refers to feed hay, corn stalks, rice straw, etc. Crude fiber accounts for 20% of dry matter.
2. 12 root refers to potatoes, carrots, beets, pumpkins, etc.
2. 13 green hay refers to hay made of various weeds or sowing forage, including various crop straws.
2. 14 turquoise feed refers to vegetables, grass, green-cut corn, etc. The water content of turquoise in the feeding state is 50%.
2. 15 distiller's grains and dregs are the main auxiliary materials, such as distiller's grains, powder dregs, bean curd dregs and sugar dregs.
2. 16 protein feed refers to feed dry matter crude fiber 18% crude protein 20% feed bean cake, sunflower cake, beans, etc.
2. 17 energy feed refers to feed dry matter crude fiber 18% crude protein 20% high-energy feed corn flour.
2. 18 concentrated feed refers to grain and bran meal feed.
2. 19 mineral feed mainly includes salt, bone meal, stone meal, chalk, shell meal, defluorinated phosphate and trace elements.
2.20 cows eat all kinds of feed during the day and at night.
Step 3 feed
3. 1 See table 1 for the forage quantity provided by each cow.
Table 1 total reserve feed and forage for each cow unit: kg/
Feed name: cow, calf and calf
High-quality hay (including 20% leguminous forage) 2000 ~ 3000 500
Corn silage 5000 ~ 8000 2000 ~ 3000 500 ~ 800
Green cutting feed is 3000 ~ 5000 1000 500.
Root tuber (carrot, beet)1000 ~ 2000 ~100 ~ 200
Distiller's grains (distiller's grains and bean curd residue 3000 ~ 5000 2000 1000)
Bean cake 600 ~ 800 300 ~ 400 90 ~ 100
Corn flour1200 ~1500 500 ~ 600150 ~ 200
Wheat bran 400 ~ 600 200 ~ 300 80 ~ 100
Bone meal 30 ~ 60 30 ~ 60 10 ~ 20
Salt 25 ~ 40 15 ~ 205 ~ 10
Concentrate of each variety should be supplied in a balanced way, and its mineral feed should account for 2% ~ 3% of the feed.
3.2 When planting alfalfa, forage grass should be harvested at the heading stage of legumes, or hay should be harvested at the flowering stage. The moisture content of green hay should be 15%, and the soft leaves of stems and branches in Qing Xiang should be bundled and stored in the shed to prevent nutrient loss. Hay should be chopped, with a cut of 3cm.
3.3 It is recommended to feed corn silage with ears. Silage raw materials should be rich in sugar dry matter. 25% silage corn should be collected and stored during wax ripening. Silage should be made of plastic film or silage tower (cellar). Silage should be yellow-green or brown-yellow, with a slight sour taste and wine flavor.
3.4 Carrots, beets and other tuberous stalk feeds should be properly preserved, mildewproof and antifreeze, washed and chopped before feeding, and the residue feed should be freshly fed.
3.5 Grain feed with water content over 65,438+04% should be crushed before feeding, and the grain should be processed and fed within 65,438+00d in summer.
3.6 Ensure that mineral feed should contain a certain proportion of trace mineral salt bone meal, calcium carbonate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, defluorinated phosphate and trace elements, and regularly check the feeding efficiency.
3.7 The compound feed should be processed and prepared according to the nutritional determination results of various regulations and the nutritional needs of high-yield dairy cows.
3.8 The application of commercial compound feed must understand its nutritional value.
3.9 additives such as applications and physical properties must understand their functions and safety.
3. 10 It is strictly forbidden to feed moldy and deteriorated feed, frozen feed, feed contaminated by pesticide residues, feed contaminated by pathogenic bacteria or Aspergillus flavus and other toxic feed, such as untreated germinated potatoes, and strictly remove metal foreign bodies in feed.
4. Nutritional requirements
4. 1 During the dry milk period, the dry matter of nutritious food should account for 2% ~ 2.5% of the body weight, and the dry matter of each kilogram of feed contains crude protein 1 1% ~ 12% calcium 0.6% phosphorus 0.3% concentrate.
4.2 Before perinatal delivery, the dry matter of 15 capsules should account for 2.5% ~ 3% of the body weight. The dry matter per kilogram of feed contains 2.00 cow energy units, accounting for 13%, 0.2% calcium and 0.3% phosphorus. Immediately after delivery, 0.6% calcium and 0.3% phosphorus concentrate and coarse feed were replaced, and the crude fiber content was 23% less than 40∶60.
4.3 The output of dairy cows in the peak lactation period accounts for about 40% of the output in lactation period, and the potential for increasing production should be kept at 2.5% ~ 3.5% of the body weight. Every kilogram of dry matter contains 2.40 cow energy units, accounting for 0/6% ~ 0/8% of crude protein/kloc-,0.7% of calcium, 0.45% of concentrate and 0.45% of roughage.
4.4 During lactation, the dry matter of grains should account for 3.0% ~ 3.2% of body weight. Every kilogram of dry matter contains 2. 13 cow energy unit, crude protein accounts for 13% calcium, 0.45% phosphorus and 0.35% concentrate. The crude fiber content of roughage decreased from 40∶60 to 17%.
4.5 During lactation, the dry matter of grains should account for 3.0% ~ 3.2% of body weight. Every kilogram of dry matter contains 2.00 cow energy units, accounting for 12%, 0.45% calcium and 0.35% phosphorus. The content of crude fiber in concentrate and roughage decreased from 30∶70 to below 20%.
Step 5 feed
5. 1 coarse grain feed in dry milk stage mainly controls concentrate alfalfa hay corn silage, and it is forbidden to feed root tuber and tuber feed, so as to appropriately reduce residue. Cows are fed 0.5 ~ 2.0 kg concentrated feed at the initial stage of dry milk, and 0.5kg concentrated feed every week as appropriate. Prenatal concentrate should be supplemented with minerals, salt and a certain amount of hay per 100kg body weight.
The recommended formula of dairy cow's diet in dry milk period: corn 2.6kg bean cake 0.7kg wheat bran 0.5kg hay 6.5kg silage 12kg salt 0.05kg premix 0.6kg.
5.2 During perinatal period, high-quality hay must be carefully fed two weeks before delivery, and the feed of high-quality hay must be gradually increased. Silage is overweight by 65,438 0%. Feeding should be stopped about one week before delivery, so as to reduce calcium feeding and prevent the cow from paralyzing. 65,438+0 ~ 2 should be mainly high-quality roughage, digestible feed, wheat bran porridge and a little salt drink, supplemented by 40 ~ 60 kg sodium sulfate. Free intake of high quality hay should be controlled. Feed Kg silage and root feed must be controlled in two weeks after delivery, such as good appetite, digestion, lochia elimination, breast swelling disappeared. Feed the grain according to the standard and gradually increase the silage. It is forbidden to feed early emulsion in root feed.
5.3 High-energy feed must be fed during the peak lactation period, and high-yield cows should maintain a good appetite. Try to eat as much dry concentrate as possible and increase the number of feeding. Feed with good quality and palatability should be fed with soda 150g at the beginning of lactation to keep the milk production peak in August.
It is recommended that the 40kg dairy cow's dietary combination group: corn 4.7kg, bean cake 2.5kg, wheat bran 1.7kg, hay 4kg, silage 19kg, salt 130g, soda 150g and premix 0.38kg.
5.4 During lactation, according to the characteristics of gradually decreasing lactation, slow fetal development and weight loss of dairy cows, the feeding task is to maintain the peak of milk production and keep feeding, adhere to the principle of less production and less feeding, and do a good job in milk rationing.
5.5 During lactation, the milk yield of dairy cows with fast fetal development should be significantly reduced, and food should be supplied according to the nutritional needs of maintaining milk yield and restoring fetal development to prevent body fat of dairy cows.
5.6 2 ~ 3 months before delivery, the first pregnant cow should be transferred to the herd and fed according to the nutritional level of cows in dry milk period, so as to maintain the basis of nutritional needs, increase the production and development materials by 20%, and increase the production and development materials by 65,438+00% for the second child.
5.7 In summer, the nutritional concentration of grain should be increased, the crude fiber content of feed should be reduced, the proportion of protein feed in concentrated feed should be increased, and root feed should be supplemented to ensure adequate drinking water; In winter, we should enrich the nutrition of grain and increase energy. Feeding lactating cows at night is about 1 1, and the concentrate is increased by 1kg. Processing hot porridge at 38℃ can increase milk yield 13% and enhance the cold resistance of cattle. Porridge is prepared by diluting papules with a small amount of water-based concentrated solution, pouring into the pot and stirring for 5 ~ 10 min after the water in the pot boils.
6, management measures
6. 1 The cattle farm should be built in a place with high heat and dryness, sufficient sunlight, good drainage, quiet environment, convenient transportation, no threat of infectious diseases, easy organization of epidemic prevention, low-lying and humid terrain and dense drainage.
6.2 Cowshed building should meet the hygiene requirements. It should be durable, warm in winter (the shed temperature should be kept at 8 ~ 16℃), cool in summer, spacious and bright, and equipped with a good toilet system.
6.3 A transport yard should be set on the sunny side outside the cowshed, and the cowshed should be connected. Each cow covers an area of about 20 square meters. The transportation site should be flat, and a drinking pool should be built around the drainage ditch with a fixed slope.
6.4 Strictly implement the veterinary epidemic prevention and quarantine system, and disinfect cowshed utensils regularly: the second group is vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine regularly; (3) Cows should have regular physical examinations in spring and autumn (important quarantine brucellosis and tuberculosis), and fresh milk should be sold with health certificates; Trim hooves in spring and autumn; 5. During regular anthelmintic and anthelmintic administration, 45g of thiabendazole was directly administered to each cow within 49 hours after delivery.
6.5 Reasonable arrangement of work and rest time must stipulate that drinking water is guaranteed every morning, and drinking cow water twice in the evening and then drinking cow water twice in the evening, which is 3 ~ 5 times of milk production. The suitable temperature for drinking milk in winter is 12 ~ 14℃ for cows, 15 ~ 16℃ for calves and 37 ~ 38℃ for cows. Second, we must ensure that the cows are driven out of the house before noon and shipped out at night. Light) 16h to promote blood circulation in the four sheds, clean the cow bed in the shed and keep it clean and dry. Every time you change the bedding, you should observe the behavior, appetite, rumination and rest of cattle, find problems and solve them.
6.6 High-yield dairy cows must use quick-drying milk (mixed dry milk paste: soybean oil 40mL, penicillin 500,000 IU, streptomycin 1 10,000 IU, sulfanilamide powder) during the 60-day dry milk period. Before drying milk, CMT should be used for occult mastitis examination. If it is a strong positive (++), it is necessary to carry out milk powder treatment. If 65,438+00 ml of dry milk is injected into each milk, inspection and nursing should be strengthened.
Step 7 deliver milk
7. 1 cow enters the delivery room two weeks before delivery. Cows should be examined. The delivery room must be dry and hygienic. Perinatal care should be strengthened. Before giving birth, cows should wash their bodies and vulva with 2% ~ 3% Sue solution. The veterinarian who delivered the cow should deal with it immediately.
7.2 After the amniotic fluid is broken for 30 minutes, take the amniotic fluid and let the exposed vulva of the fetus be delivered. Mouth and nose mucus can be eliminated with a sterile towel, and the umbilical cord cannot be broken. Move the fetus to rupture itself. Squeeze the contents by hand and pour iodine into the umbilical cord sheath for disinfection and decontamination.
7.3 Cows should be driven to stand up as soon as possible to drink 1 ~ 2 bottles of beer with warm water, feed high-quality green hay, wash breasts with warm water or disinfectant, remove cow tail feces, replace clean and soft mattresses, and milk for the first time within 30min minutes after delivery as soon as possible. Before milking, the new calves should be squeezed clean, massaged with hot compress and milked more frequently. Observe the appetite, feces and placental excretion of dairy cows, find abnormal reactions, and diagnose and treat ketonuria within two weeks after delivery.
7.4 Put new hay on the newborn calf, wipe off the whole body mucus, weigh the soft hoof, put it in the calf pen, and feed colostrum in the first 30 minutes to make the calf produce antibodies as soon as possible.
7.5 The number of milkings for each cow with milk yield exceeding 20kg at lactation peak or primiparous cows is 3-4 times; Milk yield during lactation 15 ~ 20kg, each cow produces 3 cows; The milk yield during lactation is 15kg. Cows are milked by two milkmen.
7.6 The milkman must have a history of hepatitis, brucellosis and tuberculosis. Healthy people must trim their nails and wear work clothes to wash their hands before milking. After milking cows, wash their arms and hands with 0. 1% bleach. It is also required that every milking bucket, milk bucket, breast washing bucket and towel should be cleaned and disinfected regularly.
Wash with cold water, warm water, 0.5% caustic soda warm water (45 ~ 53℃), clean water and dry.
7.7 The milking environment should be quiet and the attitude of cows should be good. Before milking, wash and scrub the cow's body, abdomen and cow's tail with warm water (45 ~ 50℃), and scrub the nipple ditch, left and right areas and breast mirror every 3 ~ 4 cows. Change water, dip a wet towel in water, scrub and wring out the breast.
7.8 chest washing requires massage. When the breast is swollen, the mammary vein is inflated, and milk ejection reflex occurs, milking should be started. No.65438 +0 ~ 3 milking with bacteria should be abandoned. It is forbidden to wipe milk with milk or vaseline. Breast milking should be massaged again. Hold the bottom of each breast area with one hand and squeeze the milk with the other. Cows who are pregnant for the first time should be massaged in May to wipe their milk. 15d Stop massage before delivery.
7.9 Hand-held milking should be done with fists, and the initial force should be light and the speed should be slightly slower. When the milk is sprayed strongly, the speed should be accelerated, and the milking volume per minute should be less than 1.5kg. Pay attention to milking gossip, smoking, shouting loudly, making noise and beating cattle, and you are allowed to enter.
7. 10 milking is required every time. First, the milk of healthy cows and sick cows should be milked. Dry the breast and soak the milk with 4% iodine glycerin.
7. 1 1 The vacuum pressure of mechanical milking should be controlled at 4.53×104 pa ~ 5.07×104 pa, and the number of beats per minute should be controlled at 60 ~ 70 times, and the breasts should be massaged by themselves to prevent empty milk.
7. 12 carefully record the milk yield. After milking, the milk should be filtered with a filter or gauze immediately. Milk should be cooled within 2 hours and stored in the cold storage at 4 ~ 8℃. Every piece of gauze used for filtration should be cleaned and disinfected and replaced regularly. Deteriorated milk, early milk, sick milk and milk that has been stopped for more than 24 hours should be mixed into milk and put into other barrels for further treatment.
8. Feeding
8. 1 Newborn cows should be bred in the second to third estrus. Newborn cows should be 15 ~ 18 months old and weigh 60% of cows.
8.2 Observe the estrus performance of cows, such as standing still, singing, looking around, hunching the waist and lifting the tail, frequent urination, swelling of vulva, flushing of transparent mucus on vaginal mucosa, climbing, etc. Every estrus should be inseminated 1 ~ 2, according to the pregnancy test record 10 ~ 12h at every interval.
8.3 Reasonable arrangement of full calving plan In hot months, the number of calving should be controlled as much as possible, and the balanced utilization of cowshed should be considered when arranging the full calving plan.
8.4 cows should be examined for reproductive organs 20 days after delivery, and the empty pregnancy period of cows after treatment can exceed 90 days.
8.5 Strictly formulate a breeding plan, select excellent bull semen from provincial stations for breeding, and put an end to the use of such bulls. The quality of bull semen must be guaranteed.
9, calf feeding
Cattle must master four levels:
9. 1 Cut off the newborn calf, 15 minutes, and feed the colostrum as soon as possible. It should be delayed for more than 30 minutes. Feed colostrum for the first time 1 ~ 1.5 kg for 7 days, and the feeding care should be carried out by workers. The calves can suck milk and the workers can put their fingers into the calves. 2 ~ 3 calves can suck milk and feed themselves, and they must be fixed.
9. 1. 1, that is, the feeding interval every six times is set at 7: 00, 10: 00, 13: 00, 16: 00, 19: 00, etc.
9. 1.2 Quantitatively suggested that calves should be fed the same amount of milk according to their age in the third month of lactation: 1 ~ 10 years old, 7 times before colostrum feeding, 4kg/,; 3 feed 4kg/,; 1 1 ~ 20 years old breastfeeding 6kg/,; 2 1 ~ 30 years old breast-feeding 7kg/,; 3 1 ~ 40 years old breast-feeding 8kg/,; 417kg/ 50 years old breast-feeding; 5 1 ~ 60 years old breast-feeding 6kg/,; 6 1 ~ 70 years old breast-feeding 5kg/,; 7 1 ~ 80 years old breast-feeding 4.5kg/,; 8 1 ~ 90 years old breast-feeding 2.5kg/,
Does the moisture content in the sample affect the measured value of crude fiber?
Please describe the problem in detail.