Explanations of anatomical nouns in common examinations

1. sternal angle: The joint between the sternal stalk and the body is called sternal angle slightly forward, and its two sides are flat against the second rib and backward against the lower edge of the fourth thoracic vertebra, which is an important symbol of counting ribs. Explanation of systematic anatomy terms 2. Pterion (pterion): On the side of the skull, where the four bones of forehead, parietal, temporal and sphenoid meet, it is the weakest, and often forms an "H"-shaped seam, which is called pterion. The anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery passes through it. 3. Sphenoethmoid recess: Sphenoethmoid recess is the gap between the posterior superior turbinate and sphenoid bone, which is the opening of sphenoid sinus. 4. ligamentum flavum: a ligament located in the spinal canal and connecting two adjacent vertebral plates, consisting of yellow elastic fibers. Help to enclose the spinal canal and limit the excessive flexion of the spine. 5. Boundary line (pelvic upper mouth): An annular boundary line consisting of the sacral promontory to both sides through the arch line, pubic comb, pubic tubercle to the upper edge of pubic symphysis, which is divided into the upper large pelvis and the lower small pelvis. 6. Inferior pelvic orifice: it is surrounded by coccygeal tip, sacral tubercle ligament, ischial tubercle, ischial branch, pubic branch and the lower edge of pubic symphysis, and is rhombic. 7. Arch of foot: The tarsal bone and metatarsal bone are connected to form a convex upward arch, which is called the arch of foot and is divided into medial arch, lateral arch and transverse arch. 8. Spacing of scalene muscle: a crack composed of anterior scalene muscle, middle scalene muscle and the first rib, through which the brachial plexus nerve and subclavian artery pass. 9. Inguinal ligament: The lower edge of the external abdominal oblique muscle is curled and thickened and connected between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle to form an elastic and tough tendinous structure; It can form lacunar ligament, pubic comb ligament and superficial ring of inguinal canal locally. 1. Hesselbach Triangle: a triangle area located at the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall and surrounded by the lateral edge of rectus abdominis, inguinal ligament and inferior epigastric artery; It is the weak area in the lower part of abdominal wall, from which the contents of abdominal cavity bulge to form direct inguinal hernia. 11. Pharyngeal gorge: The narrow place surrounded by the posterior margin of the palatine sail, the left and right palatoglossal arches and the root of the tongue is called pharyngeal gorge, and the fissure for the oral cavity is the boundary between the oral cavity and pharynx. 12. Hepatic portal: There is an approximately "H"-shaped groove on the dirty surface of the liver, in which the transverse groove is called the hepatic portal, which is the place where the left and right branches of the proper hepatic artery, the left and right hepatic portal vein, the left and right hepatic ducts, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter and leave the liver. 13. Calot Triangle: The triangular area surrounded by cystic duct, common hepatic duct and dirty surface of the liver is called the gallbladder triangle. Because the gallbladder artery generally passes through this triangle, this triangle is a sign of finding the gallbladder artery in gallbladder surgery. 14. Mediastinum: Mediastinum is the general name of all organs, structures and connective tissues between the left and right mediastinum and pleura. 15. Renal hilum: The depression in the middle of the medial edge of the kidney is called the renal hilum, which is the portal for the blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and renal pelvis of the kidney. 16. Renal pedicle: The renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis, nerves and lymphatic vessels of human renal hilum are collectively called renal pedicle. From front to back, the arrangement of structures in renal pedicle is: renal vein, renal artery and renal pelvis; From top to bottom: renal artery, renal vein and renal pelvis. 17. Kidney region: The kidney region is the angle of the spine rib. The included angle between the lateral edge of erector spinae and the 12th rib is called the kidney region, and its deep surface is the hilum of the kidney and the medial edge of the kidney. When suffering from some nephropathy, this region may have tapping pain. 18. Trigone of bladder: On the inner surface of the bladder floor, the triangular area surrounded by the ureteral orifice on both sides and the urethral orifice is called the bladder triangle. Because of the lack of submucosa in this area, the bladder remains smooth when it is full or empty. It is the prone area of bladder tuberculosis and tumor. 19. Ureteral fold: On the inside of the bladder, the transverse fold between the two ureters is called ureteric fold, which is a sign of finding the ureter mouth during cystoscopy. 2. Uterine isthmus: the upper end of the upper part of the cervix and vagina is narrow and thin, called uterine isthmus. This part is not obvious during non-pregnancy and can be extended to 7~11cm at the end of pregnancy, and the isthmus wall is gradually thinner, so cesarean section is often performed here. 21. Vaginal dome: the upper end of the vagina surrounds the cervix and vagina, and the annular depression formed between them is called vaginal dome, which can be divided into front, back and two sides. Among them, the posterior part of the vaginal vault is the deepest and closely adjacent to the rectocele. Clinically, this puncture can be used to drain the effusion in the depression. 22. Liver and kidney recess: The liver and kidney recess is located between the right lobe of the liver and the right kidney. Its left boundary is the omental foramen and the descending part of the duodenum, and its right boundary is the right paracolic sulcus. When lying on your back, the liver and kidney recess is the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity. 23. Systemic circulation: Blood beats from the left ventricle, passes through the aorta and its branches and reaches the capillaries of the whole body, where it exchanges substances and gases with surrounding tissues and cells, then passes through various veins, and finally returns to the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. This circulation path is called systemic circulation (great circulation). Its main characteristics are long distance and wide flowing range. Arterial blood nourishes all parts of the body and transports its metabolites and carbon dioxide back to the heart. 24. Pulmonary circulation: Blood beats from the right ventricle, passes through pulmonary trunk and its branches at all levels to reach alveolar capillaries for gas exchange, and then enters the left atrium through pulmonary veins. This circulation path is called pulmonary circulation (small circulation). The main feature is that the distance is short, and it only passes through the lungs, which mainly transforms venous blood into oxygen-saturated arterial blood. 25. Koch triangle: the triangle area between the anterior inner edge of the coronary sinus ostium of the right atrium, the attachment edge of the septal apex of tricuspid valve and Todaro tendon, called Koch triangle. The anterior endocardium of this triangle is the atrioventricular node. 26. Tricuspid valve complex: Tricuspid valve ring, apex, chordae tendineae and papillary muscle are a whole in structure and function, which is called tricuspid valve complex. They ensure the one-way flow of blood, and any structural damage will lead to hemodynamic changes. 27. superficial palmar arch: superficial palmar arch is formed by anastomosing the end of ulnar artery with the superficial palmar branch of radial artery. Located in the deep surface of palmar aponeurosis, the flange of arch is about flat in the middle of metacarpal bone. 28. deep palmar arch: deep palmar arch is formed by anastomosing the end of radial artery with the deep palmar branch of ulnar artery. Located in the deep surface of flexor tendon, the flange of the arch is about the height of carpometacarpal joint. 29. Danger triangle: refers to the triangle from the root of nose to the corners on both sides. Because the facial vein lacks a venous valve and communicates with the intracranial cavernous sinus, if it is not handled properly, it can lead to intracranial infection. 3. Venous angle: subclavian vein and internal jugular vein merge into brachiocephalic vein behind the sternoclavicular joint, and the junction of the two veins is called venous angle, which is the injection site of lymphatic catheter. 31. Local lymph nodes: The first-level lymph nodes that drain the lymph of an organ or part are called local lymph nodes, which are usually called sentinel lymph nodes in clinic. 32. Virchow lymph node: The left scalene lymph node, also called Virchow lymph node, is located in front of the left anterior scalene muscle. Tumor in the chest, abdomen and pelvis, especially abdominal esophageal cancer and gastric cancer, can be transferred to the lymph node through the thoracic duct. 33. Conjunctiva: A thin, smooth and vascular mucosa covering the back of eyelid and the front of eyeball. According to the location, it can be divided into three parts: bulbar conjunctiva, palpebral conjunctiva and conjunctival vault. 34. Pupil: The round hole in the center of the iris is called the pupil, through which light enters the eyeball, and its size can be changed due to the activities of the sphincter of the pupil and the pectoralis major. 35. Corti organ: It is located on the basement membrane of the labyrinthine cochlear duct of the inner eardrum. It is an auditory receptor and can feel the stimulation of sound waves. 36. Ampullary crest: The structure raised on the abdominal wall of the membranous ampulla of each membranous semicircular canal is a position-sensing receptor that feels the stimulation of rotating and variable-speed movement. 37. Reticular structure: In the central nervous system, nerve fibers are interwoven into a network, and there are scattered neurons or smaller nuclei in the mesh. These areas are called reticular structure. 38. Medial colliculus: The secondary fibers that transmit ipsilateral deep sensation and fine touch from the thin bundle nucleus and the wedge bundle nucleus cross left and right on the lateral side of the central canal, and the crossed fibers are on both sides of the midline, and then turn upward behind the cone to form the medial colliculus. Terminating in the ventrposterolateral nucleus of the dorsal thalamus. 39. Cerebellar tonsil: The part of the cerebellar hemisphere that bulges forward, inward and downward is called cerebellar tonsil. Because it is near the medulla oblongata and near the foramen magnum, when the intracranial pressure increases, it may be squeezed between the foramen magnum and the medulla oblongata, forming a cerebellar tonsil hernia, which is life-threatening. 4. Superior thalamus: The superior thalamus is the transitional part between the dorsal part of diencephalon and the anterior part of midbrain tectum, including pineal gland, habenular triangle, habenular commissure, medullary stria of thalamus and posterior commissure. 41. Hippocampus: Hippocampus is an arcuate gray bulge that is involved in the bottom wall of the inferior corner of the lateral ventricle on the lateral side of the temporal lobe. 42. Internal capsule: The internal capsule is located between thalamus, caudate nucleus and lenticular nucleus. It is a white matter plate with highly concentrated projection fibers, which is "<" on the horizontal section of telencephalon. Glyph, divided into forelimbs, knees and hind limbs. 43. piriform recess: On both sides of the larynx and larynx, there is a deep concave called piriform recess, which is the part where foreign bodies are easily trapped and stranded.