Xinjiang Turpan geographical geomantic omen
Of the 926 nature reserves established, there are 24 national nature reserves 124, with an area of 26.4606 million hectares, 392 provincial nature reserves with an area of 46.0646 million hectares, 84 municipal nature reserves with an area of 659.300 hectares, and 326 county nature reserves with an area of 3.7945 million hectares. There are 0/4 nature reserves/kloc-4 in Changbai Mountain, Dinghushan Mountain, Wolong Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Fan Jing, Xilin Gol, Bogda Peak, Shennongjia, Yancheng, Xishuangbanna, Tianmu Mountain, Maolan, Jiuzhaigou and LAM Raymond, which are listed in the "International Network of Man and Biosphere Reserves" by UNESCO. Six nature reserves, including Zhalong, Xianghai, the source of Poyang Lake, East Dongting Lake, Dongzhai Port and Qinghai Lake, have been included in the list of internationally important wetlands. With the establishment of these nature reserves, 70% of terrestrial ecosystem species, 80% of wild animals and 60% of higher plants in China, especially the rare and endangered wild animals and plants under special state protection, have been well protected in nature reserves. At the same time, these nature reserves also play an important role in water conservation, soil and water conservation, wind and sand fixation, and regional microclimate stability.
Respondent: Wang 0 192034- Scholar II-17 10:55.
-
General situation of development of nature reserves in China
Construction of Nature Reserves in China in 2003
By the end of 2003, there were all kinds and levels of nature reserves 1999 in China, with a total protected area of14.398 million hectares (including land13.975 million hectares and sea area of 6.03 million hectares), accounting for about 1.4% of the national territory. Compared with last year, the number of nature reserves has increased by 242, and the area has increased by 1 103 1 10,000 hectares, with growth rates of 13.8% and 8.3% respectively. Among the established nature reserves, there are 226 national nature reserves with an area of 88710.3 million hectares. In 2003, 38 national nature reserves were newly approved.
( 1)
As far as we know, the earth is the only living planet. Since the appearance of human beings on the earth, human activities have been constantly affecting the changes of the natural ecological environment. With the development of science and technology and the rapid improvement of social productivity, this change has become increasingly obvious and rapid.
The existence of human beings is based on the premise of transforming nature in various ways and acquiring a lot of material wealth. The earth's rich resources, especially biological resources, undoubtedly have an important influence and great role in the historical process of human development. However, the subjective motivation of human beings to transform nature is dual. On the one hand, it creates the material wealth necessary for its own survival, on the other hand, it destroys the original stability, coordination and balance of nature. For a long time, human beings have been thriving in this contradiction. After being severely punished by nature, they gradually realized their position on the earth and their relationship with nature, and began to return from the misunderstanding that "the earth belongs to human beings" to the correct concept that "human beings belong to the earth".
As early as 100 years ago, Engels earnestly warned mankind not to be too intoxicated with the victory over nature. Every time we win this victory, nature will retaliate against us. Although each victory achieved the expected effect at the beginning, it showed completely different and unexpected effects in the later development, and the initial effect was often cancelled. In the history of Mesopotamia, Greece, Asia Minor and Italy, due to the massive destruction of forests, the water storage center was lost, and the mountain springs dried up most of the year, making the floods pour more fiercely on the plains in the rainy season. This example clearly shows that human beings have seized biological resources without restraint, seriously damaged the natural environment and suffered merciless retaliation. Two-thirds of the original land on the earth, covering an area of about 7.6 billion hectares, was covered by forests, but by the 1980s, the remaining area was less than 2.8 billion hectares. At present, the world's forests are disappearing from the earth at a rate of 6.5438+0.8 million hectares per year, which greatly accelerates the speed of species disappearance and tends to extinction at an average rate of one species per day. In the past 200 years, 593 species of birds, more than 400 species of mammals, 209 species of amphibians and reptiles, and more than 20,000 species of plants are on the verge of extinction, which is 1000 times faster than natural elimination.
In fact, there are many kinds of creatures in nature, but human beings know little about them. According to scientists' calculations, there are about 500- 100000 species of organisms on the earth, but so far only 1430000 species have been named, including 346000 species of plants (including 250000 angiosperms) and 6543800900 species of animals (including 751000 insects). Human food mainly comes from hundreds of animals and plants, 90% of which come from more than 20 kinds. However, thousands of creatures provide various conditions for the survival of these hundreds of animals, plants and human beings, and meet various needs of human beings. These precious natural and historical heritages are great wealth of mankind.
The creatures in nature are not only influenced by the environment, but also interdependent and restricted. This complex relationship has formed a very huge natural ecosystem. It is estimated that terrestrial ecosystems on earth produce1170 billion tons of dry weight organic matter every year, of which 80 billion tons are in forests. The energy conversion and storage of these substances are mainly fixed by plant photosynthesis, which is obviously reflected in the number of species groups. In other words, species should be coordinated in structure and balanced in function, so that nature can maintain a normal cycle, constantly metabolize and regenerate, and organisms can adapt to the natural environment, survive and reproduce.
For human beings, biology has great economic, ecological and social benefits, and preserving biodiversity has become the only wise choice for human beings today. Many countries regard it as one of the basic national policies to solve the problems of survival and development, and attach equal importance to the protection and utilization of biological resources. In today's world, due to the development of society and population and the progress of science and civilization, human demand for natural resources is constantly improving in quantity and quality. On the one hand, due to the limitations of time, space and development methods, biological resources have maintained a certain growth rate; On the other hand, due to the increasing material and cultural living standards of human beings, the demand is increasingly diversified, and consumption is bound to increase sharply. Therefore, taking scientific and effective ways to properly protect the genetic diversity of species in the ecosystem is not only an urgent task to protect their own survival and development, but also an important measure for the international community to measure the political achievements and social civilization of governments. As we all know, before 1960s, the important medicinal value of Maytenus, Cephalotaxus fortunei and other plants was unknown, and it was not until 1960s that they were found to contain anticancer components. Some special characters and functions of living things were paid attention to only after people had a certain understanding of them, and they began to study and imitate the performance of some living things to solve the problems encountered in the production struggle, so bionics rose. If a large number of animal and plant species are destroyed first, it will undoubtedly be an irreparable loss to the survival and development of mankind.
There is a contradiction between man and nature, and there is also a side that can and must be coordinated. In order to survive and multiply, people need to transform nature reasonably and protect it effectively. However, human beings can neither return to the period of ignorance simply to protect nature, nor destroy the biodiversity for their own survival. The correct way out can only be to scientifically study and predict the possible impact of human beings on organisms under various natural environmental conditions, so as to make overall consideration in practice, coordinate and balance the relationship between man and nature, between organisms and the environment, and between organisms, and make the material circulation in nature tend to be relatively stable. Therefore, the establishment of various types of nature reserves has become an effective way to solve the relationship between man and nature in all countries of the world.
(2)
China has a vast territory, with mixed natural conditions and great environmental changes in summer. The latitude difference between north and south is 49 degrees. Zengmu shoal, the southernmost part of Nansha Islands, is only 400 kilometers away from the equator, with coastline18,000 kilometers and more than 5,000 coastal islands. The country's topography is high in the west and low in the east, with great ups and downs. The landform types are diverse, with mountains accounting for 33%, plateaus accounting for 26%, basins accounting for 65,438 0.9%, plains accounting for 65,438 0.2% and hills accounting for 65,438 0.0%. It is a mountainous country with a unique and complex natural environment. The topography of the whole country changes obviously according to height, and it is divided into three parts: cold, dry and wet from west to east.
(1) Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a plateau with strong uplift and rapid rise in the middle Neogene, with an altitude of 4000-5000 meters. It consists of mountains, plateaus, lakes and valleys alternately. The climate is cold and dry, with obvious frost cracking and weathering, and cold desert and gravel desert are widely distributed. The mountains are covered with snow all year round and have modern glaciers, making them one of the most developed countries in mountain glaciers. There are more than 0/500 inland salt lakes/kloc-,which are habitats and breeding grounds for alpine animals and various migratory birds. In the southern part of the plateau, there is the highest Himalayan mountain in the world standing on the border of the motherland, in the foothills and valleys near 29 degrees north latitude, such as Medog and Bomi, with abundant rainfall, and tropical monsoon forest. On the east side of the plateau is the North-South Hengduan Mountains. Affected by the Indian Ocean warm current, the natural landscape of vertical climate zone appears in alpine valleys with altitude change, and the vertical change of biological resources distribution is very typical.
(2) Northwest inland is a vast plateau, with mountains and basins alternately distributed. The eastern part of Inner Mongolia Plateau is loose, Ordos Plateau lacks inland rivers and salt lakes, Loess Plateau is easy to be eroded and scoured, and there are few rivers in Alashan Plateau, with an altitude of 1000-2000m. Tianshan Mountain and Altai Mountain in the west are 3000-5000 meters above sea level, forming the famous Turpan Basin, Yili Basin and Junggar Basin. The climate in the whole region is dry, with little precipitation and large temperature difference, which belongs to a typical continental climate and forms a large area of dry grassland, Gobi and desert. In a few mountainous areas, small forests and grasslands are alternately distributed, and the surface vegetation is sparse and simple. Herbivorous ungulates and rodents are the dominant populations, and inland lakes and wetlands are the habitats and breeding grounds for waterfowl migratory birds.
(3) The mountains, hills and plains in the east are alternately distributed from north to south, influenced by monsoon circulation and controlled by polar continental air masses, forming a humid and semi-humid monsoon region, which belongs to a typical monsoon climate with obvious four seasons; Rivers flow eastward and southward into the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, with abundant water but high sediment concentration, dotted with lakes and intertwined water networks. In Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and hilly basins in Guangxi, karst low mountain landforms have been formed. There are all kinds of animal and plant components from cold temperate zone to tropical zone, and the biological resources are the richest.
The distribution of biological resources in China is not only typical zonality, but also obvious particularity of transitional and vertical distribution, forming a variety of natural landscapes such as forests, grasslands, deserts, waters, wetlands, beaches and islands. From north to south, the forest vegetation in this area includes coniferous forest, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, broad-leaved mixed forest (including evergreen and deciduous components), evergreen broad-leaved forest, tropical monsoon forest and bamboo forest. Other vegetation includes shrubs, savanna, grassland, meadow, herbaceous swamp, etc. In the western region, except Altai Mountain is a cold temperate coniferous forest, most of them belong to grassland, meadow, herb swamp, desert and other vegetation.
China has more than 30,000 kinds of higher plants, ranking third in the world after Brazil and Malaysia. Among them, nearly 200 genera of plants are endemic to China, such as Cryptomeria argyrophylla, Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pinus bungeana, Davidia involucrata, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Cyclobalanopsis glauca and Fragrant Fruit Trees, which are endemic to China. There are nearly 800 species of gymnosperms 12 family in the world, and there are more than 230 species of 10 family in China. All kinds of pine, larch, spruce and fir have formed a large area of natural forest or mixed forest in China from cold temperate zone to tropical zone, from humid area in the east to arid and cold area in the west. Angiosperm is the most prosperous and widely distributed plant group in modern times, with more than 25,000 species in China. In tropical and subtropical regions, plant resources are more abundant, such as the representative plants of Dipterocarpaceae in the tropical rain forest of Southeast Asia. In China, there are 6 genera 10 species, namely Bolei, Mume, Wangtianshu, Dipterocarpus, Dipterocarpus and Borneolum Syntheticum. Many precious and rare tree species, such as amethyst, wood, peanut, kudzu, stone oak, Kingsley, linden, cycad, camphor tree, Phoebe bournei and so on. , relatively scattered, the distribution range is relatively narrow. Some original species of cultivated plants, such as wild rice, wild walnut, wild litchi, wild apple, wild chestnut, wild soybean, etc. , which has been preserved in various places, is an extremely valuable germplasm resource for improved seed breeding. Many plants, such as Eucommia ulmoides, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Luofumu, Mayden, Dracaena, Radix Aucklandiae, etc., have high medicinal value. Other resources that can be extracted from fat, starch, spices and fruits are also rich. Many natural or artificially cultivated ancient trees are preserved all over the country.
Terrestrial vertebrates in China (including mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles) belong to Palaearctic realm and Oriental realm respectively. Palaearctic boundary includes Meng Xin, Qinghai-Tibet, North China and Northeast China; The eastern world includes the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its south area. Between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, the animals of the two worlds penetrate each other, forming a broad transition zone; In Hengduan mountain area, the fauna belongs to the Oriental kingdom as a whole, but at higher altitudes, Palaearctic animals extend southward along the ridge, becoming a very mixed area between the two countries.
China has more than 2,200 species of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, making it one of the countries with the largest number of wild animals in the world. Giant panda, golden monkey, white-lipped deer, antelope, Taiwan Province monkey, baiji dolphin, brown eared pheasant, golden pheasant, blue-bellied pheasant, black-necked crane, Chinese alligator, giant salamander, etc. 100, which is a world-famous rare animal. Giant pandas, known as "living fossils of animals", are widely distributed in history, but only a few are distributed in Qionglai Mountain, Liangshan Mountain, Minshan Mountain and the southern slope of Qinling Mountain in China. There are 15 species of cranes in the world and 9 species in China, including red-crowned cranes, black-necked cranes, white-naped cranes, demoiselle cranes, gray cranes, red-crowned cranes and Canadian cranes. Primates in China include gibbon (4 species), langur (4 species), golden monkey (3 species), bee monkey (2 species) and macaque (6 species), belonging to 6 genera and 20 species. Several gibbons are distributed in tropical rain forests and monsoon forests. Langurs are distributed in monsoon forest; The black golden monkey is distributed in the deep mountains of northwest Yunnan and southeast Tibet. Macaques are widely distributed, reaching Xinglong in Hebei in the north, Qinghai and Tibet in the west, with the largest number in the south. There are 56 species of pheasants in China, accounting for one-fifth of the world's pheasants, of which 19 is endemic to China, and there are many species and quantities in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Hengduan Mountain area. There are nearly 300 other species of birds and beasts with scientific research and economic value, and the resources are relatively rich. China's natural environment and resource conditions are unique and rare in the world.
(3)
China is an ancient civilization. In the Yellow River Basin, our ancestors left many valuable cultural and historical heritages as well as natural and historical heritages. Two or three thousand years ago, there were natural forests in the Yanshan Mountains. Taihang Mountain and its eastern hills are also covered by forests. Vegetation is widely distributed in the Loess Plateau. Wild animals are also richer and more diverse than they are now. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were a large number of elk from the North China Plain to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were giant pandas in western Hubei, northwestern Hunan and eastern Sichuan. In ancient times, some far-sighted politicians, thinkers and scientists put forward some correct ideas about protecting natural resources, and the general public also accumulated a lot of rich experience in production practice. During the Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Tiangui had different ranges of game reserves, which stipulated that "the emperor was a hundred miles away and waited forty miles away" and it was forbidden to cut and hunt inside. According to Zhou Li, at that time, the management of natural resources not only set up institutions, but also set up full-time managers, such as the decree that "Shan Yu" was in charge of forests; Orders from the "tracker" in charge of wild hunting; "People" cherish wildlife resources. The "Lingtai" in Zhou Wenwang Garden is home to all kinds of animals, such as deer, cranes, herons and fish. The giant panda was one of the animals raised in Shanglinyuan, a large-scale "forest garden" in Qin and Han Dynasties. Since then, Qin Ling Garden in Jin Dynasty, Huaqing Palace in Tang Dynasty, Qionghua Island in Yuan Dynasty, Xiwan in Ming Dynasty and Summer Resort in Qing Dynasty have objectively protected some rare animal and plant species. Many other famous mountains, temples, royal cemeteries, "Longshan" and "land of geomantic omen" of ethnic minorities, as well as religious and cultural attractions, such as Emei Mountain, Tianmu Mountain, Huangling Mountain, Dongling Mountain, Taishan Mountain, Hengshan Mountain and Jiuhua Mountain, are still covered with forests.
Ancient trees are towering. It can be said that these are the rudiments of China's ancient nature reserves and the simple thinking of the Chinese nation on protecting the living environment.
Due to the long-term feudal rule, the productivity developed slowly, the mode of production was primitive and backward, and the damage caused by blind abuse of resources was serious. Before the Tang Dynasty, there were 15 counties in the border areas of Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei provinces that still used rhinoceros horn as a tribute. Due to long-term hunting and changes in the natural environment, it became extinct after the Northern Song Dynasty. After the founding emperor Judy of the Ming Dynasty moved to Beijing, she collected and transported a large amount of timber from the south for several years in the form of "100,000 people entering the mountains to open the way". Previous wars have caused more serious damage to natural resources by cutting down trees, burning forests, digging up problems and destroying dams. Compared with modern times, the imperialist powers plundered China's biological resources unscrupulously, and many precious species were also destroyed.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the cause of nature reserves in China has gradually developed. 1At the third meeting of the first National People's Congress in September, 956, scientists such as Bing Zhi and Qian put forward the No.92 proposal, "Please ask the government to designate natural forest cutting areas in all provinces (regions) in China to protect the research value of natural science". This proposal is under the responsibility of the State Council Forestry Department and China Academy of Sciences. In the same year 10, the Ministry of Forestry drew up the Draft of Delineation of Natural Forest Prohibited Cutting Areas (Nature Reserves), put forward the delineating objects, delineating methods and delineating areas of nature reserves, and demarcated more than 40 prohibited cutting areas in 15 provinces (regions) throughout the country. In the national science and technology planning, the construction and research of nature reserves are listed as one of the basic theoretical research work. Shortly thereafter, more than 20 nature reserves were established in Dinghushan, Guangdong, Jianfengling, Shenkou, Fujian, Huaping, Xiaomengyang, Menglun, Mengla, Damenglong, Changbai Mountain, Jilin, LAM Raymond, Heilongjiang and Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, which filled the gap in the development of natural science in China. During this period, the China Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Forestry organized a group of experts and investigation teams to conduct on-the-spot investigations and forest surveys on biological resources in some remote mountainous areas, such as Xishuangbanna, Fan Jing, Shennongjia, Huzhong, Gaoligongshan and Huaping, which accumulated rich information for understanding and mastering biological resources in China. 1962 "the State Council's instructions on active protection and rational utilization of wild sports resources" was issued, and it was proposed to establish nature reserves in the main habitats and breeding grounds of rare birds and animals; Establish protected areas in areas where wildlife resources have been seriously damaged; It is forbidden to hunt and protect 19 kinds of rare wild sports such as giant pandas. 1963, Zhu Kezhen, a representative of the National People's Congress, and other scientists put forward the proposal of "developing nature protection work" at the National People's Congress, and made a systematic speech on the importance of developing nature protection work in China, the development of nature protection work in various countries in the world and the development of nature protection work in China.
Ten years of vigorous "Cultural Revolution" caused serious damage to China's burgeoning nature reserves, wildlife resources, and some established nature reserves were forced to disperse or cancel. According to 1973, there are only a dozen nature reserves in China at the symposium on the investigation of precious animal resources in key provinces and cities held by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 1975 the State Council's relevant document stipulates: "The areas where precious animals mainly inhabit and breed should be designated as nature reserves, and the construction of nature reserves should be gradually restored.
After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the construction of nature reserves has developed rapidly. During this period, a large number of nature reserves were established in various provinces. From 65438 to 0979, 48 nature reserves were restored and established in China, covering an area of1.5000 hectares. In order to protect biodiversity and make the layout of nature reserves reasonable, the National Agricultural Zoning Committee set up a nature reserve professional group led by the Ministry of Forestry and attended by relevant ministries and commissions to carry out the zoning and construction of nature reserves nationwide. In June 5438+ 10 of the same year, the Ministry of Forestry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and other eight ministries and bureaus jointly issued the Notice on Strengthening the Management, Division and Scientific Investigation of Nature Reserves. 1September, 1980, the professional group held a national conference on nature reserve zoning in Chengdu, and studied and deployed the principles and steps of national nature reserve zoning. At this time, 20 provinces (autonomous regions) have established 72 nature reserves with a total area of about 2 million hectares. The meeting decided to carry out the division and investigation of nature reserves in provinces (cities, districts), and put forward four principles for delimiting nature reserves nationwide:
1, representing various natural zones with typical natural ecosystem regions;
2. Important areas for the survival and reproduction of rare animals, rare tree species or other wild animals and plants with special protection value protected at the national level;
3. Areas where natural ecosystems or species are destroyed and have important value and must be restored or replaced;
4. Geological sections with special protection significance, glacial remains, karst, hot springs, fossil producing areas and other natural historical sites and important water sources.
With the support of provinces (autonomous regions), in three years, * * * organized 2,500 professional and technical personnel to conduct on-the-spot investigation, analysis and demonstration, and worked out zoning plans. 1In August, 1983, the Ministry of Forestry held the first national working conference on nature reserves of forestry system in Urumqi, studied the problems existing in the construction and management of nature reserves, adopted the zoning plan of forest and wildlife nature reserves in principle, put forward 56 nature reserves with typical significance in China, special scientific research value and certain international influence, and submitted them to the State Council for approval to be designated as national nature reserves. At this time, China has established 133 nature reserves with a total area of 8.06 million hectares.
At present, the construction of nature reserve management institutions has been gradually improved, and the number of nature reserves and wildlife protection managers at all levels in China has increased from 65438+4000 in 0983 to 13000. Construction funds have increased year by year, and policies and regulations have been gradually established and improved. By 1993, there are 50 1 forest and wildlife nature reserves in China, covering an area of 50.59 million hectares. With the approval of the State Council, 77 places including Huaping, Wuyishan, Changbai Mountain and Xishuangbanna have been designated as national nature reserves. These nature reserves have an important influence and a decisive position in the whole country, no matter from the construction scale or the protection of natural ecosystems and wildlife species, which has laid a solid foundation for the development of nature reserves in China.
(4)
Since the reform and opening up, the state has promulgated a series of laws and regulations to protect nature reserves and wildlife resources, further strengthening the management according to law. 1984 The 6th the NPC Standing Committee passed and promulgated the Forest Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) for the seventh time in the following year, which clearly stipulated: "The competent forestry authorities in the State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should delimit nature reserves in typical forest ecological zones in different natural zones, forest areas where rare animals and plants grow and breed, natural tropical rainforests and other forest areas with special protection value, and strengthen protection and management." 1985, with the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of Forestry promulgated and implemented the Measures for the Management of Forest and Wildlife Nature Reserves, which made specific and clear provisions on the management of nature reserves. 1988 the wildlife protection law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which was adopted and promulgated at the fourth session of the 7th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), stipulates: "the wildlife administrative departments of the State Council and the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall focus on the protection and management of wildlife and their living environment at the national and local levels? Quot These laws and regulations promulgated by the state provide a reliable basis and guarantee for the management and construction of nature reserves in China.
Nature reserves are important facilities to protect natural resources. After more than ten years' efforts, forestry departments at all levels from the central government to the local government have successively established management institutions and initially formed a nature reserve management system. At present, most of the protection management work has established the post responsibility system and gradually carried out standardized management. In order to speed up the basic construction of nature reserves, improve the design level of engineering construction, implement various protection measures, build nature reserves into permanent business entities, and give full play to the functions and benefits of nature reserves, the Ministry of Forestry issued the General Design Standard for Nature Reserve Projects with 1988. Most of the nature reserves in China are located in remote mountainous areas or forest areas, surrounded by people. In order to properly solve their production and living problems, many nature reserves, such as Wuyishan, Taoyuan Cave, Fan Jing and Nangun River, have taken active measures to help them explore new production channels according to local conditions, carry out business activities that can not only protect the ecological environment and species resources, but also increase their economic income, mobilize the enthusiasm of the people to do a good job in nature reserves, and promote the scientific and technological development in mountainous areas and rural areas.
The management of nature reserves is a highly technical job, involving many disciplines, and protection managers must have certain skills. Since 1980, the number of nature reserves in China has gradually increased, and the management tasks have also increased. The Ministry of Forestry, China Academy of Sciences, China Academy of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Nanjing Forestry University and other scientific research and teaching departments have jointly organized various forms of training courses for nature reserve management technicians in schools or nature reserves, and many provinces (cities, districts) have also held separate training courses to enable managers to receive different levels of business and technical training. In order to learn and master foreign advanced management technology, the Ministry of Forestry, together with relevant national, regional and international nature conservation organizations, will hold seminars and arrange some reserve managers to receive training in Hong Kong or abroad, so as to gradually improve the quality of reserve managers. Many protected areas, such as Changbai Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain and Tianmu Mountain,
Colleges, primary and secondary school students, through visits and teaching practice, have increased their knowledge of nature protection and received intuitive realistic education; Through various forms, such as television, radio and movies, all localities have made extensive publicity to the broad masses, constantly raised people's awareness of nature protection, and given full play to the role of nature reserves in the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.
In order to enhance the vitality of nature reserves, under the principle of protecting the environment and species resources, some nature reserves have carried out diversified operations such as seed value, breeding, processing and utilization in the experimental area in a planned and purposeful way, and achieved many good experiences or benefits. At the same time, it is a special way to develop and utilize some scenic resources with ornamental value and carry out eco-tourism activities with natural landscape as the main body. All kinds of eco-tourism facilities are simple, quaint and wild, which are unique compared with other scenic spots in China and become an ideal classroom for tourists to acquire natural science knowledge.
Many nature reserves have made use of unique natural resources and carried out various investigations and studies in exploring the laws of natural evolution and rational utilization of wildlife resources. Dozens of nature reserves, such as Xishuangbanna, Wuyishan, Fan Jing, Maolan, Jinggangshan, Meihua Mountain, Taibai Mountain and Badagong Mountain, have organized multidisciplinary comprehensive surveys, and more than 200 nature reserves, such as Poyang Lake, Pangquangou, Songshan Mountain, Zhalong and Guanshan, have basically found out the background resources of the reserves by organizing single or multiple professional surveys, which not only provides a basis for protection and management, but also provides a basis for protection and management. Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve is one of the earliest protected areas in China. After more than 30 years' efforts, we have basically identified the animal and plant resources and endangered animal and plant species in this area, established a forest ecosystem positioning station, and published dozens of academic papers and several academic monographs. Wuyishan, Dinghushan and other nature reserves have also established ecosystem positioning research stations to monitor and study the resources and environment in this area. In order to rescue and protect the rare, endemic and endangered wild animals and plants in China, such as giant panda, South China tiger, brown eared pheasant, crane, alligator, Cryptomeria fortunei, Davidia involucrata, camellia chrysantha and Taxodium mexicana. The relevant nature reserves have carried out special research and achieved gratifying results. A number of investigation and research projects, such as the breeding research of Eriocheir sinensis, the wild ecology research of giant pandas, the investigation of Maolan, Guniujiang and Songshan Nature Reserve, have reached the international level or the advanced level of domestic counterparts respectively, and won national or provincial (ministerial) scientific research achievement awards or scientific and technological progress awards.
In recent years, the contact and cooperation between China and many international organizations and institutions in the management and construction of nature reserves have been continuously strengthened. China has successively acceded to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington Convention), the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention). In cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), our department established the Giant Panda Research Center in Wolong, and carried out the research on the wild ecology and reproduction of the giant panda habitat, and achieved fruitful results. Extensive cooperation has been carried out in the field investigation of tropical rain forest, snow leopard of South China tiger, wetland protection and breeding investigation of black-billed gull. Cooperate with the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) to introduce elk and return them to their hometown; Cooperate with the World Crane Foundation (ICF) to study red-crowned cranes, white cranes and black-necked cranes. Changbai Mountain, Wolong Mountain, Fan Jing, Shennongjia, Wuyishan, Dinghushan, Xilin Gol and Xishuangbanna Nature Reserves in China have successively joined the international network of MAB protected areas. Six nature reserves, Zhalong, Xianghai, East Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Bird Island and Dongzhaigang, are listed in the list of wetlands of international importance under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially for Waterfowl Habitat. In addition, it has also carried out cooperation and exchanges with relevant departments of the United States, Japan, Australia, Russia and other countries in the field of nature reserves. China's achievements in the construction of nature reserves have attracted the attention and praise of the international community.
Nowadays, the natural environment and natural resources have been effectively protected in various nature reserves in China, which are established in typical ecosystem areas of different natural zones or the main habitats and breeding places of wildlife under state protection. Natural vegetation types, water conservation forests and precious tree species in each zone can be preserved and multiplied; Some endangered species have been gradually restored and the population has developed greatly.
According to the requirements of the country, by the end of this century, Gu Quan will establish 1000 nature reserves, with a total area of about 10% of the national area, forming a network of nature reserves with complete types and reasonable layout. The construction of nature reserves will also move towards the healthy development of scientific management, standardized construction and scientific research system, so as to preserve a large amount of natural wealth for mankind.