The origin of Zhang Zi.
Zhang, with traditional Chinese characters as eyes, is made up of a bow and a long left and right. When introducing their surnames to others, people surnamed Zhang all say "bow-bent Zhang", which shows that they attach great importance to the "bow" in their surnames. From the point of view of philology, "bow" is also at the core of the word "Zhang".
Zhang Zi has not been found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but there are many inscriptions on bronze and stone, and their writing styles are also different. Although these characters are written in different ways, they have a basic feature, that is, they are inseparable from the bow, arrow and length, especially the bow. It can be said that there is no Zhang without a bow. Judging from the evolution of glyphs, Zhang was originally a combination of bow and arrow. Bow and arrow are naturally combined, and if there is a bow, there is bound to be a target, so there is no need to emphasize it again. Therefore, later, the arrow gradually withdrew and gave way to the long bow, and finally stabilized into a consortium of long bows. A long bow means that this bow is more powerful than ordinary bows.
Zhang has many meanings. There are 21 meanings in the new Chinese Dictionary, and there are more than ten kinds in general dictionaries, such as exaggeration, opening, strengthening, filling, posting, reading, looking, expanding, arranging, etc. But most of them are derived from later generations, and there are not many meanings in the earliest dictionaries. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "Zhang, bow string is also used. From the bow, long sound. " Guangya Interpretation III: "Zhang, Shi Ye." There is another meaning, which can be found in Zhou Li Qiu Guan: "Luo takes birds and animals and says Zhang." Hu Sansheng also said: "Zhang, set it up, set it up as a machine trap to serve the birds and animals."
▲ There are three main sources of Zhang's surname:
First, after the Yellow Emperor, he waved as the ancestor.
According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, the Prime Minister's Lineage Table, "The fifth son of Shao Hao Qingyang, the son of the Yellow Emperor, waved as the bow and arrow, and his descendants gave him the surname Zhang." This Zhang clan was directly handed down from the Yellow Emperor, which originated in Qingyang of Yincheng, near Jinci in the southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, and later came from this area.
Zhang's surname is an ancient surname, which originated from a distant legendary era. It is said that Zhang's ancestor was named "Hua". He was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor (the son of the Yellow Emperor) and a great inventor. He invented the bow and arrow and the net (gu). Bows and arrows and nets, as new production tools at that time, enabled people to hunt more birds and animals, catch more fish and shrimp, and reduce the harm of wild animals to themselves. The clan and tribe where Bo belongs has been producing bows and arrows and nets for generations, so his descendants took "Zhang" as their surname.
Huangdi, Zhang's recognized consanguineous ancestor, was the leader of the Huaxia tribe alliance in the ancient legend era. He ruled the world with virtue, benevolence and faith, selected the virtuous and appointed the competent, and severely punished the stubborn and fierce, thus creating a prosperous time of singing and dancing.
according to "the century of the emperor", the yellow emperor was born because his mother had a treasure attached to it. "(The Yellow Emperor) was born in Shouqiu, was born in Jishui, was blessed with virtue, received a bear, and lived in the hill of Xuanyuan, so she thought it was a name because she was pregnant for twenty-four months." Based on this, later generations deduced two kinds of legends.
A legend says that the Yellow Emperor was born at the time when the Emperor of Heaven descended to earth. At that time, it was the time of Shennong. Shennong's uncle had a son named Shaodian, who was the monarch of Xiongguo (in present Xinzheng County, Henan Province). At that time, the Shaodian clan was intermarrying with the Youqiao clan. So Shaodian married Fu Bao, the daughter of (Insect Joe). One day, Shao Dian and Fu Bao went to the field to farm with wooden stakes. When they were walking, the sky suddenly darkened and the sky was full of stars, just like at night. At this time, Fubao looked up and saw a shiny lightning spinning around the Big Dipper from time to time like a snake. In a flash, the fields were covered with a rich green light. Soon, Attached Bao only felt something move suddenly in her abdomen, which scared her to make a hullabaloo about. When Shaodian hurried back to ask questions, she said nothing. After that, Fubao became pregnant. From the day of pregnancy, after 24 months, that is, on the day of the third year, Fubao gave birth to a boy in Xuanyuan Hill in the northwest of Xinzheng (in Qufu, Shandong). Because he was born in Xuanyuan, he named the child Xuanyuan. Legend has it that Xuanyuan was born talking and was very elf. When he was a child, he saw people building houses on trees, and said, "It is neither convenient nor safe to build houses on trees. Wouldn't it be better to build houses on the ground?" Soon, Shennong heard of this view of the Yellow Emperor, which greatly disappoints him. So the Yellow Emperor built a house on the ground for him to see, and Shennong was convinced.
Another legend says that Fu Bao and Shao Dian moved to Shouqiu in Qufu, Shandong Province shortly after they got married. On an early winter night, Attached Bao came to the suburbs for a walk alone. She looked up at the starry sky and felt homesick for her homeland. Suddenly, there was a silver-white lightning in the sky, which turned several times around the pivot star in the Big Dipper, and then quickly disappeared from the sky to the ground. At this time, the surprised attached treasure suddenly felt a strange feeling on her body. After a while, she realized that she was pregnant by lightning. After that, after 24 months, the Yellow Emperor was born in Shouqiu on one day in the winter of the third year. The newly-born Yellow Emperor has a raised forehead, shaped like the sun, and has a dragon face, and its hands and feet are also like dragon claws and toes. What is even more strange is that the Yellow Emperor has four faces. It is said that the Yellow Emperor can look around and listen to all directions at any time and place, observe and understand everything, so as to act better with the camera. Huang Di babbled when he was born, and he will soon be able to walk. He left Shouqiu when he was about ten years old, and learned from teachers everywhere and visited famous mountains and rivers.
The Yellow Emperor lived in the primitive clan commune era. At that time, the social structure of China was represented by clans-tribes composed of several clans-tribal alliances composed of several tribes. Wars often occur between clans, tribes and tribal alliances for their own interests. At first, Huangdi was only the leader of the tribe named Ji. During the long-term campaign, he gradually established his prestige and finally completed the rule of other tribes and sat on the throne of the tribal alliance leader.
The wars against Emperor Yan, Chiyou and Xingtian were three milestones on the way to the leader of the Yellow Emperor. According to the literature, Huang and Yan were brothers, and "Guoyu Jin Yu" said: "In the past, the young couple married the Jiao family and gave birth to the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor. The Yellow Emperor was made of Ji Shui, and the Yan Emperor was made of Jiang Shui. Success is different from virtue, so Huangdi is Ji, Yandi is Jiang, ... Different surnames are different from virtue, and different virtues are different. " "New Book, Beneficial Soil" said: "The Yan Emperor, the Yellow Emperor's half-brother, each has half of the world." When the Yellow Emperor became the leader of the Ji tribe and began to flourish, the Yandi tribe had stepped into the road of weakness and decline. The clans conquered each other and tyrannized the people, but Yandi was unable to quell the war and protect his subjects, so the Yellow Emperor rose up and taught the people to use war to levy cruelty. As a result, all clans came to worship and submit to the Yellow Emperor. Emperor Yan moved to Zhuolu (Zhuolu, Hebei Province, and Yuncheng, Shanxi Province), but it was still a big deal. The history said that "there is no relatives, and there is nothing to stand for, and the wise men are chilling" (Historical Records of Yizhoushu). It is in this case that the Yellow Emperor once again "strengthened his morality and cultivated his troops" and decided to fight a decisive battle with Emperor Yan in Zhuolu. According to literature records, the allied forces of various clans and tribes led by the Yellow Emperor, who took bears, scorpions, wolves, leopards, bodies and tigers as totems, waved battle flags made of feathers such as birds of the week, cuckoos, eagles and kites, and violently attacked Zhuolu, while Emperor Yan retreated to Hanquan, one mile east of the city. After a bloody battle, Huang Difang "killed Emperor Yan and did everything else", so "the world is the rule". The defeated Yandi tribe was forced to move to the south and east, intertwined with the Miaoman group in the Yangtze River valley, and gradually merged. The victory of the Huangyan War established the leadership of the Yellow Emperor over the middle reaches of the Yellow River, which belonged to the sphere of influence of Emperor Yan, and made him the leader of the tribal alliances in the Central Plains (known as the "Central Emperor").
When the battle of Huangyan ended and the Yellow Emperor just ascended the position of the central heavenly emperor, Chiyou, the leader of the Jiuli nationality who lived in the lower reaches of the Yellow River (now in Shandong and northern Jiangsu), led many people to the west and challenged the new leader. The Jiuli nationality is a very large tribe. They are brave and good at fighting, and take the gnat (a kind of caterpillar) as their totem. By the time of the Yellow Emperor, the tribe had a famous leader, and people called him Chiyou. Chiyou is familiar with heaven, smart and competent, and is good at fighting. History books also describe him as a deity beyond ordinary people, saying that he has a cow's hoof, six hands every day, a sword-like hair and horns on his head. Not only that, he also has "eighty-one brothers, and copper heads, iron forehead, eating sand and stones", and his military strength is abnormal. With strong force, Chiyou constantly expanded to its neighbors, and it was likely to compete with the Yellow Emperor. At that time, a tribe headed by Yu Wang in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, after being harassed by Chiyou, turned to the Yellow Emperor for help, which triggered the Zhuolu war between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou. This war was extremely difficult for the Yellow Emperor. The so-called "bleeding for a hundred miles" and "nine battles and nine defeats" finally won.
After the war between Emperor Yan and Chiyou, a powerful tribal alliance was established, and the Yellow Emperor based his pursuit of governing the country and the people on visiting wise people all over the world. To this end, he took pains to go on a continuous journey, taking the Royal House and receiving the Dan Sutra, flying over the Dinghu Lake and flying beads, boarding the Kongtong and asking about Guangcheng, taking advantage of the rules and doing great things, serving the middle yellow in the east, consulting the slippery man in the golden valley, talking about guiding and raising the two women, and visiting the mountain records and herding carefully, and asking about the situation after the wind. ("Bao Puzi") footprints, "East to the sea, Dengmaru Mountain, and Daizong. As for Kong Tong in the west, it's a chicken's head. As for the south, Jiang, Deng Xiong and Xiang. North by meat porridge, and Busan ... ".
The Yellow Emperor's parade, on the one hand, expanded the prestige and influence of the Yellow Emperor clan, thus expanding the sphere of influence of the Yellow Emperor day by day. The Biography of Xuanyuan Huangdi said: "The emperor governs the world, which is bordered by the toe in the south, the secluded mausoleum in the north, the quicksand in the west and the flat wood in the east." On the other hand, the foreign people in the places where the Yellow Emperor traveled were deeply influenced. Inspired by the virtue of benevolence and righteousness of the Yellow Emperor, they came to pay tribute to the Yellow Emperor one after another. First, the countries of Zhubei and Bo 'er presented gifts to the Yellow Emperor, and then the Nanyi people offered wine by white deer. Later, people from other countries kept coming to pay tribute. Tribute from outsiders further strengthened the friendly exchanges between Huangdi and other ethnic groups. To some extent, this also provides extremely favorable conditions for the integration of Huangdi and other ethnic groups. After touring the world, knowing about the local conditions and gaining the way to support the people and keep the country safe, the Yellow Emperor put forward and began to implement his own general plan for managing the world.
The Yellow Emperor married four wives in his life, namely Lei Zu, Fang Lei, Tong Yu and Mo Mu. According to historical records, biographies of the Five Emperors, Century of the Emperors, History of the Road, Shu Jie Ji, Huangdi and other documents, Lei Zu was also the (tired) ancestor, the daughter of Xiling, and was the princess of Huangdi. She invented the art of sericulture and silk reeling, and taught people to weave silk and make clothes to warm themselves up and hide their shame. Fang Lei's and Tong Yu's are virtuous. Mo Mu looks ugly, but she is virtuous and virtuous. Because she has no name, her predecessors called her ugly. The Yellow Emperor thought that "women are virtuous and forget, and women are righteous and decline, and (appearance) is evil and hurt" (Lv Chunqiu), so he married his wife and was named Mo Mu.
There are many different opinions about the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. "Guoyu Jin Yu" said: "There are twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor, and two of them have the same surname. Only Qingyang and Yigu are their own surnames. Qingyang, nephew of Fang Leishi. Yi Gu is the nephew of Tong Yu. Those with the same birth but different surnames are the sons of four mothers, not twelve surnames. There are twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor, and fourteen of them have surnames, which are twelve surnames: Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Zang, Ren, Xun, Nuo, Gu, Yi and Yi. Only Qingyang and Canglin belong to the Yellow Emperor, so they are both Ji surnames. " Books such as Historical Records of Five Emperors, World Records, and Da Dai Li Ji are generally consistent with this.
contrary to what is said in Guoyu and Historical Records, The Classic of Mountains and Seas says: "Yellow Emperor gave birth to Yu (leopard-spoon+tiger), and Yu looks like Yu in Beijing. Yu Jing is located in the North Sea, and Yu Mao is located in the East China Sea, which is for Poseidon.
"Di Jun gave birth to Yu, Yu gave birth to Yin Liang, and Yin Liang gave birth to Yu Fan, which is the beginning of the boat. Yu Fan gave birth to Xi Zhong, Xi Zhongsheng to Ji Guang, and Ji Guang started with wood. Huang Di gave birth to Miaolong, and Miaolong gave birth to me, which made my life clear, and made it clear that white dogs were born. The white dog has a herd, which is for dogs and meat. " "There is a country of north DE. The grandson of the Yellow Emperor said that he was born in the beginning, and he was born in the beginning. "
It has always been recognized that the Yellow Emperor Yi * * * has 25 sons. Although 25 people are the sons of their fathers, they have different surnames. For the 14 people who only have surnames, they are divided into 12 surnames, which shows that they are married, and each takes the surname of the clan they married as their surname. As for "two people with the same surname", it means they are married to a clan at the same time.
according to Lu Shi Guo Ming Ji, the descendants of the Yellow Emperor sealed the state of Chen, Chang, Zhang, Zi, Kou, Li, Qu, etc., with 7%, and their distribution areas are all over the country today. The further reproduction of these descendants of the Yellow Emperor laid the foundation of the Chinese nation. If they are not descendants of the Yellow Emperor, or if they are attached to historical documents, then they should also be the tribes under the leadership of the "Central Heaven Emperor" of the Yellow Emperor. It is in this sense that China people call themselves "descendants of the Yellow Emperor" or "descendants of the Chinese people".
After the death of the Yellow Emperor, he was buried in Qiaoshan. There are long-standing opinions about where the counties under Qiaoshan belong. It is generally believed that it is in huangling county, Shaanxi Province today. The Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor is not only the tomb of the ancestor of the Chinese nation, which is known as the "No.1 tomb in the world", but also the tomb of the blood relatives of the Zhang family that we will introduce below.
Zhang Hui is the ancestor of Zhang's surname, but there are two different views on the relationship between Zhang Hui and the Yellow Emperor. One view holds that Zhang Hui is the son of the Yellow Emperor, while the other holds that he is the son of Qingyang in Shao Hao, the son of the Yellow Emperor, that is, Zhang Hui is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. Although there are some differences in the historical records of surnames, such as Yuan He's Surname Compilation, Differentiation of Ancient and Modern Surnames Books, Surnames Urgent, and New Tang Book Prime Minister's Genealogy Table, they all advocate waving as the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, saying that Zhang is from Ji, and the fifth son of Shao Hao Qingyang, the son of the Yellow Emperor, waved as a bow and arrow, and actually set out to take animals and worship arc stars. Later generations of Zhang's descendants compiled Zhang's genealogy and Zhang's genealogy, and many people used this saying.
Qing gan long Jiayin rebuilt the genealogy of Zhang's family in the Yuyitang edition. Volume III, Textual Research on the Origin of Surnames, says: "Zhang came from Xuanyuan, Huangdi, was born in Jintian, Shao Hao, and was also named Qingyang. The fifth son waved the arrow, and the official was Gong Zheng, who worshipped the arc star and took charge of his duties in the world, giving him the surname Zhang."
Zhang Hui, the son of the Yellow Emperor, said "Guang Yun" and "Yi Shi" by Ma Lie, and many genealogies compiled by Zhang's descendants agreed with this statement.
China people get their surnames from different sources and follow certain principles. The principles of naming surnames can be summarized as follows: country, city, township and pavilion, and people's names, characters, birth order, official, official name, rank, rank, national symbol, technology, affairs, posthumous death, posthumous death, clan, clan and so on.
Zhang's ancestor's lingering surname is also based on the above principles. Although the ancient literature records hold different opinions on whether Zhang Hui is the son of the Yellow Emperor or the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, there is no big difference about Zhang Hui's own situation, and they all admit the basic fact that he made a bow and arrow, made an official bow and worshipped an arc star. However, careful readers will also find from our previous literature that remembering Zhang's lingering surname is slightly different from "observing the bow and arrow, giving the surname Zhang", "making the bow and arrow at the beginning, making the official bow and arrow, worshiping the arc star, taking charge of the world, giving the surname Zhang" and "making a long bow and arrow, being good at Zhang Gang and Luo, hereditary in his duties, giving the surname Zhang". judge on these grounds