Henan and Kaifeng

Kaifeng, which was called Bianliang in ancient times, is located in the east of Henan Province and in the center of the eastern Henan Plain on the map of China. Kaifeng is one of the seven ancient capitals in China. It is an excellent tourist city in China, a national model city with double support, and an advanced city in building a civilized city in China. It is also one of the three central cities of the Central Plains urban agglomeration in Henan Province and the "three-point-one-line" golden tourist route along the Yellow River. The city has a total area of 6,444 square kilometers and a population of 4.8 million, including 363.4 thousand hectares of cultivated land, 359 square kilometers of urban area and 8, urban population. It governs five counties, namely Weishi County, Qixian County, Tongxu County, lankao county County and Kaifeng County, and five districts, namely Gulou District, Longting District, Yuwangtai District, shunhe District and Jinming District. In the history of China, Kaifeng was once called the Girder, the Capital of Song Dynasty, the East Capital, Tokyo, Bianjing and so on. It has been more than 3 years since the city was built. During the Warring States period, Wei State, also known as Liang State, was founded in Kaifeng in the Five Dynasties, namely, Houliang, Houjin, Houhan, Houzhou, Northern Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty, so it was called the "Old Capital of Seven Dynasties". Kaifeng, together with Luoyang, Anyang, Xi 'an, Beijing, Nanjing and Hangzhou, is also known as the seven ancient capitals of China, enjoying a good reputation at home and abroad. Higher education includes Henan University, Kaifeng University, Yellow River Water Conservancy Vocational and Technical College and Kaifeng Education College. Kaifeng is an important tourist city and an open city in the Central Plains with its superior geographical location, mild climate, rich products, convenient transportation, developed culture and education, scientific and technological progress and economic prosperity. Kaifeng is an important tourist city along the Yellow River in the Central Plains, and was named as an excellent tourist city in China by the National Tourism Administration in 21. With a long history and profound cultural accumulation, Kaifeng enjoys the reputation of being a city of seven dynasties, a famous cultural city, the old capital of the Great Song Dynasty and a city of chrysanthemum. The scenic spots and historical sites all over the cities and counties, the vaguely visible ancient city style, the rich folk culture and the colorful autumn chrysanthemums show the charm and charm of the ancient capital. There are many tourist attractions in Kaifeng, which have set and broken many world records and China records in world record association, China, and won many world records and China records. Kaifeng is a city under the jurisdiction of Henan Province. Located in the eastern Henan plain, 37 kilometers west of Zhengzhou, the provincial capital. According to legend, the seventh emperor of the Xia Dynasty moved his capital to Laoqiu (near Kaifeng today), and it was not until the thirteenth Yin Jia moved to Xihe River that he became the political and economic center at that time. Kaifeng has a history of more than 3, years. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Zhuanggong (743 BC-71 BC) built a city in the ancient city village near Zhuxian Town in the south of this city, and named it Kaifeng (Kaifeng was changed to avoid the taboo of Emperor Liu Qi in the early Han Dynasty). This is the old city of Kaifeng. Today, Kaifeng City was an instrument city in the Spring and Autumn Period and a girder in the Warring States Period. During the Warring States period, Wei fought for the Central Plains, and Huiwang moved the capital from Anyi to Daliang in six years (before 364), which was the first time Kaifeng was built as a capital with a history. Wei lived in Daliang for 14 years, and was destroyed by Qin in the twenty-second year (first 225 years) of the reign of King Qin in the Qin unification war. Qin changed the girder to Junyi County. In the future, Junyi and Kaifeng are county governments, and they are not subordinate to each other. Until the first year of Tianping in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (534), Liangzhou was established, with Junyi as the state governance and Kaifeng County under its jurisdiction. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Liangzhou was renamed Bianzhou. Soon, Emperor Yangdi opened the Jiqu, which enabled it to communicate with the Yellow River and Huaihe River and develop water transportation, and Bianzhou became increasingly important. In the first year of Tang Yanhe (712), Kaifeng County was merged into Bianzhou City, and it was listed as the first county attached to Guo with Junyi County. Kaifeng City, the former ancient city village, became increasingly abandoned. In the first year of Tang Xingyuan (784), the Xuanwu Army's office was moved from Songzhou (now Shangqiu) to Bianzhou, becoming the most powerful buffer region in the Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen, an envoy of Xuanwu Army, first coerced Tang Zhaozong to move the capital to Luoyang, and finally abandoned the Tang Emperor and established the Houliang regime in Kaifeng. After Zhu Wen proclaimed himself emperor, Bianzhou was promoted to Kaifeng Prefecture, called the East Capital, Luoyang as the Capital, and called the West Capital, while Chang 'an was reduced to Yongzhou. Since then, Kaifengfu has continuously expanded its jurisdiction, and Houliang has jurisdiction over 15 counties. The picture on the right shows the well-preserved city gate in Kaifeng. Up to the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty, the later Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, the capital was established in Kaifeng one after another, and Kaifeng House was also expanded, covering 18 counties and 24 towns. Kaifeng and Junyi are called Chixian County, while other counties are called Jixian County. Junyi County was renamed Xiangfu County in the second year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (19). Kaifeng's most prosperous period was the Northern Song Dynasty, and its capital was established for 167 years. In 1127, it was destroyed by Jin people and destroyed by soldiers. Jin people successively fostered two puppet regimes, Zhang Bangchang and Liu Yu, in Kaifeng, but eventually died because of people's spurning. Jin people reduced Kaifeng to Bianjing Road. In 1153, King Hailing took Kaifeng as Nanjing, and made it the base for his southward advance. By 1214, Xuanzong Wanyanxun was forced by Mongolia and moved its capital here, which was still called Nanjing. Mongolia destroyed Jin Jianyuan and set up 11 provinces in China, referred to as provinces. In the Central Plains, there is Zhongshu Province in the north of Henan Province, which is the beginning of Henan Province. The provincial capital and Luzhi are located in Kaifeng, Bianliang Road. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Liu Futong led the peasant uprising army to capture Kaifeng and build it as the capital in the fourth year of Longfeng (1358), which lasted only one year and three months, and then returned to the old Du 'anfeng in the siege of the Yuan army. In March of the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang captured Kaifeng, changed Bianliang Road to Kaifeng House, changed Kaifeng to Beijing as the capital, and soon revoked Kaifeng County and merged it into Xiangfu County, thus ending the situation that one city was divided into two counties. In the eleventh year of Hongwu (1378), the title of Kaifeng Beijing was revoked, and Zhu Di, the fifth son, was named king of Zhou, guarding Henan. Since then, it has been the capital of Henan, followed by the Qing Dynasty. In 1913, the abandoned house was diverted. Xiangfu County was changed to Kaifeng County, which belongs to Yudong Road in Henan Province. Kaifeng is still the provincial capital and is administered by Yudong Road. In 1914, Yudong Road was changed to Kaifeng Road. In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), Kaifeng was abandoned, and in the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), Kaifeng was established. The city and county are not related to each other, and Kaifeng is still the capital of Henan. In June of the 27th year of the Republic of China (1938), the Japanese army occupied Kaifeng and the provincial capital moved westward. In March of the following year, the Japanese puppet government in Henan Province moved from Anyang to Kaifeng. In 1945, the Japanese invaders surrendered and Kaifeng was restored as the capital of Henan. In October 1948, the China People's Liberation Army took over Kaifeng, and in November, Kaifeng Special City was established, which remained the provincial capital. Kaifeng county government is still located in the city. In May 1949, Kaifeng county government moved to Zhuxian town. In October 1954, the provincial capital moved from Kaifeng to Zhengzhou, and Kaifeng became a provincial city. In 1955, Zhengzhou Commissioner's Office was moved from Xingyang to Kaifeng, renamed Kaifeng Commissioner's Office, and governed 1 counties including Kaifeng County. In 1983, with the approval of the State Council, the system of "city with counties" was implemented, and the Kaifeng Commissioner's Office was abolished. The original five counties were under the leadership of Kaifeng City. Kaifeng is one of the eight ancient capitals in China, with rich cultural relics, early formation of urban pattern, rich style of the ancient city and unique water city in the north, which embodies the long historical tradition and rich cultural connotation of the ancient city. In 1982, it was listed as a national historical and cultural city by the State Council. Historically, Kaifeng was the earliest developed area in China with the advantages of rivers and lakes, developed irrigation, mild climate and convenient transportation. Its city walls are grand and its culture is splendid. The ancients once wrote the poem, "The Five Phoenix Towers are blooming, and Yimen is an ancient imperial state". Especially in the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng, as the capital of Tokyo, was the political, economic, military, scientific and cultural center of China and the most prosperous metropolis in the world at that time. Its construction planning thought is unique. The grand city wall is divided into outer city, inner city, imperial city, triple battlements and three moats. The traffic in the city is compatible with land and water and unimpeded. In terms of layout, it has broken the closed fangli system and replaced it with the street form of commercial and residential opening, and implemented the integration of Fang and city, expanding the citizen class and making its population reach more than 1.5 million. The increase of non-agricultural population has promoted the development of urban handicraft industry and commerce, and the trade inside and outside the region has flourished, making it a metropolis of "Eight Wastes Striving for Xian Tong". This architectural layout. It has a far-reaching influence on the construction of the capital of feudal dynasties after the Song Dynasty. The gardens in Tokyo are also very distinctive. There are more than 1 imperial gardens and temples in Tokyo. "Generally, the capital is near, and it is all gardens. Within a hundred miles, there is no leisure." The famous royal garden "Genyue" concentrates on the features of Yuedashan Mountain, where exotic flowers and rare trees are planted and exotic animals are stocked. Historians call it a masterpiece in the history of China gardens. There are many cultural relics in Kaifeng, including 13 national cultural relics protection units, 38 provincial, 26 municipal and 136 county-level units. The famous Iron Tower, Sokokuji, Yanqing Temple, Yuwangtai and Fanta have high historical and cultural values. As one of the three largest stone carving centers in Henan Province, there are more than 1, stone carving treasures from the Han Dynasty to the Republic of China in Kaifeng collection and various places of interest, which are valuable materials for studying history, science and technology and calligraphy art. Today's Kaifeng takes off with the rise of China. On May 22, 25, The New York Times Commentary published a commentary by the famous columnist Christopher for the first time with the Chinese title "From Kaifeng to new york-Glory is as ephemeral as smoke and clouds". Introduce the history of Kaifeng, compare Kaifeng with the past and present, and push Kaifeng to the world again. On April 18th, 27, Mr Lien Chan, honorary chairman of Kuomintang, and his wife and his party came to Kaifeng to visit various scenic spots in seven dynasties. Kaifeng is bounded by 113 51 ′ 51 ″-115 15 ′ 42 ″ east longitude and 34 11 ′ 43 ″-35 11 ′ 43 ″ north latitude. 69 meters to 78 meters above sea level. Shangqiu city in the east, Zhengzhou city, the provincial capital, in the west, Xuchang city and Zhoukou city in the south, the Yellow River in the north and Zhongyuan Oilfield across the river. The total area is 6444 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 362 square kilometers. It is about 92 kilometers wide from north to south and 126 kilometers long from east to west. It is 5 kilometers east of Lianyungang, the port city at the eastern end of the Eurasian Continental Bridge, and 72 kilometers west of Zhengzhou, the provincial capital. It is in the center of the Eastern Henan Plain on the map of China. Kaifeng has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, abundant sunshine, mild climate and moderate rainfall, and there are many northeast winds in spring and autumn. The average annual temperature is 14℃, the average annual rainfall is 67 mm, and the forest coverage rate is higher than the national average. The best time to travel: September and October, when the weather is mild and the precipitation is moderate, you can also enjoy the blooming chrysanthemums. Kaifeng is located on the vast eastern Henan plain, with no mountains, many rivers and lakes, mild climate, abundant rainfall, rich groundwater resources and good natural ecological environment. The rivers in Kaifeng belong to the Yellow River and Huaihe River. Among them, there are 32 river basins with an area of over 1 square kilometers, including Yellow River, Guo River, Huiji River and Jia Luhe. There are three garden scenic spots in the urban area: Long Ting, Iron Tower and Yuwangtai. Baogong Lake, Longting Lake and Iron Tower Lake are connected by water systems, and the lake area accounts for one quarter of the urban area, so it is known as the northern water city. According to the statistics in 1999, the urban green coverage rate was 34.4%, and the forest coverage rate in China was higher than the national average. The average noise is 57.2 decibels, the comprehensive index of air pollution is 88.7, and the compliance rate of drinking water quality is over 95%, all of which are controlled within the national standards. Trees are mainly paulownia, willow and Sophora japonica. Yellow River Beach and Liuyuankou Wetland Nature Reserve are the natural habitats of many birds. Crops are mainly wheat, cotton, corn, soybeans and peanuts. Oil, natural gas and underground mineral water resources are also abundant. Temple Fair with local characteristics, Lantern Festival, Bird Market, Chrysanthemum, Night Market, Kite, Cockfighting, Pangu Characteristic Landscape Long Ting, Baogong Temple, Qingming Shanghe Garden, Iron Tower, Great Sokokuji, Hanyuan Stele Forest, Kaifeng House, Jinming Pool, etc. Traditional dishes include steamed buns in Kaifeng, roasted noodles with carp, four treasures, Dongpo pork in clear soup, braised tofu, braised yellow incense tube, fried eight pieces, steamed sheep, etc. Flavor snacks steamed buns, chicken in a bucket, steamed buns in the first floor, chicken in a bucket in Ma Yuxing, four treasures in Kaifeng, crispy lotus, spiced rabbit meat, spiced sheep's hoof, diced chicken with pickled melon, baked carp noodles, chrysanthemum hot pot, Dajingzao, Huimian Noodles, roasted sesame with sesame wings, mashed sweet potatoes, peanut cake, spiced air-dried rabbit meat, braised fish and fried dumpling. Watermelon in the capital of song dynasty, pickles in Qixian county, spiced dried bean curd, peanut cake, spicy peanuts. Folk art bianxiu, official porcelain, wooden New Year pictures, etc.