Climate, weather and meteorology; What's the difference between climatology, climatology and meteorology?

A: The relationship between them is different. Climate is the average or statistical state of meteorological elements and weather phenomena for a long time, and the time scale is months, seasons, years, years to hundreds of years. Climate is measured by the characteristics of cold, warm, dry and wet, and is usually characterized by the average value and deviation value of a certain period. Climate is the general state of the atmosphere in a certain region of the earth for many years, and it is the comprehensive expression of various weather processes in this period. Various statistics (mean, extreme, probability, etc. Meteorological elements (temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.). ) is the basic basis for expressing climate. Climate is closely related to human society, and many countries have recorded climate phenomena for a long time. During the Spring and Autumn Period in China, the sun shadow was measured by a standard table to determine the season, and there were 24 solar terms and 72 climaxes in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The word climate comes from ancient Greek, which means inclination, meaning that the climate in different places is related to the inclination of the sun's rays. Due to the different distribution of solar radiation on the earth's surface and the different physical processes of different underlying surfaces such as ocean, land, mountains and forests under the action of solar radiation reaching the surface, the climate has obvious regional characteristics besides the temperature distribution in latitude. According to the horizontal scale, climate can be divided into macroclimate, mesoclimate and microclimate. Macroclimate refers to global and regional climate, such as tropical rain forest climate, Mediterranean climate, polar climate and plateau climate. Moderate climate refers to the climate of smaller natural areas, such as forest climate, urban climate, mountain climate and lake climate; Microclimate refers to a small range of climate, such as the atmosphere close to the ground and the climate under a small range of special terrain (such as mountains or valleys). Under the influence of latitude, land and sea distribution, atmospheric circulation, topography, ocean currents and other factors, the world climate can be roughly divided into the following types: tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and rainy, constant throughout the year; Tropical grassland climate: high temperature all year round, divided into dry and wet seasons; Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain; Tropical monsoon climate: the annual high temperature is divided into three seasons: cool, hot and rainy; Subtropical monsoon climate and monsoon humid climate: high temperature and rainy in summer, low temperature and little rain in winter; Subtropical desert climate: basically similar to the tropical desert climate, but the winter temperature is slightly lower than the tropical desert climate; Subtropical grassland climate: basically similar to tropical grassland climate, but distributed in subtropical zone; Mediterranean climate: mild and rainy in winter and hot and rainy in summer; Temperate maritime climate: warm in winter and cool in summer, with small annual temperature difference and even seasonal distribution of annual precipitation; Temperate continental climate: scarce precipitation, severe cold in winter, extremely hot in summer and large annual temperature difference; Temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter; Temperate broad-leaved forest climate: hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. Temperate grassland climate: hot in summer and cold in winter; Temperate desert climate: extreme drought, large temperature difference; Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone: mild in summer and cold in winter; Mountain climate: vertical change from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain; Polar tundra climate: winter is long and cold, and summer is short and cool; Climate of polar ice sheet: it is cold all year round. Climate change has an important impact on human beings and natural systems. Because the ecosystem and human society have adapted to the climate today and not long ago, if these changes are too fast, it will be difficult for the ecosystem and human society to adapt and people will be unable to cope. For many developing countries, this may have a very harmful impact on human basic living standards (housing, food, drinking water, health). For all countries, the increasing frequency of extreme weather and climate events will increase the risk of weather disasters. Climate change has both positive and negative impacts on China's economy and society, some of which are actually irreversible, so we should pay more attention to the negative impacts. According to statistics, from 1950 to 2000, especially after 1990, the economic losses caused by meteorological disasters increased sharply. There are two reasons, on the one hand, the increase of extreme weather events, on the other hand, the increase of China's overall economic volume, so the absolute value of economic losses has obviously increased. The impact of climate change on agriculture is negative. It is predicted that by 2030, China's three major crops, rice, corn and wheat, will mainly reduce production except winter wheat. Climate change also has a great impact on water resources. Global warming accelerates the water cycle and increases the spatial heterogeneity of precipitation. Climate change also has an impact on major projects, such as the increase in precipitation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which will lead to an increase in the frequency of geological disasters and have a certain impact on the safe operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir. In addition, climate change will also affect the Qinghai-Tibet railway and highway, greatly increasing the investment in railway and highway operation and maintenance. Like the whole world, China's climate and environment have also undergone tremendous changes. Climate warming goes far beyond the general climate and environmental problems, and has brought a very serious threat to the economic and social development of China, and this threat will continue and intensify. Scientific and technological circles should pay special attention to climate change, actively take adaptation and mitigation measures, and constantly improve the level and level of climate system, ecology and environmental protection. This is an important content of fully implementing Scientific Outlook on Development and building a harmonious socialist society, and it is also the common aspiration of the government, the public and scientists. China is the coldest place in winter and the hottest place in summer is Mohe Town, Heilongjiang Province. 65438+ 10 The monthly average temperature is -30.6 degrees. The coldest place has an extreme minimum temperature of MINUS 52.3 degrees. This is the lowest temperature in the existing meteorological records in China. The hottest place in China in summer is Turpan in Xinjiang. The average temperature in July is 33 degrees, so it is called "Huozhou". The extreme maximum temperature there once reached 49.6 degrees. This is the highest value in China's existing meteorological records. The average temperatures in Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing, known as the "three stoves", were 28.6, 29.0 and 28.2 respectively in July. Compared with Turpan in Huozhou, we have to admit defeat. The climate is qó hó u 1, which is a general meteorological condition obtained after years of observation in a certain area. It is related to airflow, latitude, altitude and topography. 2. Metaphorical trends or situations 3. Metaphor results or achievements: a few people make a fuss, and nothing can be achieved.