Research on the living customs of the Han people in the late Qing Dynasty

1. The inheritance of traditional living customs In the late Qing Dynasty, due to the intensification of class conflicts, the Han people lived in poverty and bandits were rampant. In terms of living customs, many large houses are equipped with towers, turrets, bunkers and other facilities. Villages and towns along the southeastern coast also built towers or added blast holes on the outer walls of residential buildings to prevent theft; the Hakka people in Guangdong developed large earth buildings in a collective style. The emergence of these residential buildings is a customized measure based on defense requirements. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Han people had a complete set of traditional rituals when building houses. Zhong Yulong, a close neighbor, wrote in Hangzhou House Building Customs in the late Qing Dynasty: There are three customs when building a house: First, fix the orientation of the door. Some people in Hangzhou say that crooked doors are due to Feng Shui. Most doors open on the left, which is called a dragon head, and a white tiger on the right is unlucky. On the balance beam. After the beam is raised, a red cloth must be hung on the middle beam, and a plate of steamed buns must be tossed. If it is too high, it will be the steamed buns on the beam. When it comes to the kitchen, the orientation and location must be determined by Feng Shui, which Hangzhou people attach the most importance to. Rice and tea must be placed in small bottles in the oven and buried together with a dollar. Heshun's money was reconciliation or political money in the Song Dynasty, and Shunzhi's money in the Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Han people had always settled in their own homes, so they were very particular about the completion and relocation of their new homes. Moving is called moving house in southern custom. The year is also written very clearly. The custom of moving in Hangzhou is as follows: When moving, the first person to move in is a hair basket, with two small baskets in the middle, filled with colored paper to store hair, and hung on the corner of the roof or in the hall. Back room. The pronunciation is the same, and it means to be developed. There are also ladders to dry clothes, step by step, etc. They all mean climbing to the top. The height of the knot is the number of branches of the bamboo pole. There is a BBK Wood seat. There are also two pots of evergreen, two pots of carnelian, and a load of rice, all named after their beauty and wealth. Secondly, move to the shrine and ancestral hall. When the shrine is moved, it means moving boxes, boxes, sundries, etc. Then enter the house at the appropriate time. The master is sitting in a sedan chair, worshiping Master Shenli with a red lacquer plate and holding three sticks of benzoin in his hand. Even during the day, he also asked people to use candle handles as mirrors and ghosts and gods as shadows. Colorful pavilions are also used. When the whole family arrived at the new house, relatives and friends greeted them in advance and led them upstairs with lanterns and candles. There is no saying that they make a fortune without saying a word to each other. After drinking a cup of sugar and tea and going downstairs, relatives and friends began to congratulate him in unison. After serving the chestnut owner of the Anshen tablet, he will offer sacrifices to the gods and enjoy himself on the same day or the next day, and he will also act as a landlord. Relatives and friends give gifts, usually two sets of silver ingots made of powder, called fabao; giving cash to the owner is a housewarming gift. Yongjin Juju is celebrated by the public and is called the warm house. There are more tricks, laying springs and the like. After the new house is built, more equipment, furnishings, etc. will be delivered. 2. The development and evolution of folk customs in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China had two characteristics: first, they were scattered in vast towns and counties in remote areas. Except for a few European church buildings, most of the buildings are traditional Chinese dwellings. The American courtyard houses in Beijing, the cave dwellings in the northwest plateau, the patio courtyards in the south, and the Hakka American earth houses are typical forms of China. Traditional houses. These residential buildings have not changed much compared with those in the early Qing Dynasty, showing traditional characteristics. First, many new-style residences influenced by Western architectural styles have appeared in some cities, showing Westernized characteristics. In the 11th year of Tongzhi, there are now three double hatchback, two-story vertical buildings in Xingren Lane, Shanghai. Judging from the layout of this L

With the rapid increase in urban population in modern times, in cities such as Qingdao, Shenyang, and Harbin, due to dense population, single families who originally lived alone have become dozens of families. Courtyard. The style and structure of such buildings have not changed significantly compared to the past, but they have significantly deteriorated due to high building density and poor sanitary conditions. The changes in folk houses in the late Qing Dynasty were not only reflected in their appearance, but more importantly, their architectural structures underwent breakthrough changes. In the past, Chinese buildings have always used wood-framed mud walls, with the main body being a wooden frame. The wooden frame is easy to use and easy to build, and decoration basically does not affect the main structure. However, wooden structures also have obvious shortcomings, such as flammability, low bearing capacity, and difficulty in building high-rise buildings. In the case of densely populated modern cities, with more people and less land, the new situation of high-rise building development is difficult to meet the needs. After the mid-19th century, mixed-structure buildings with brick and wood appeared. This kind of building overcomes the inability of wooden frames to grow higher. It adopts technologies such as masonry load-bearing walls, wooden frame floors, and herringbone wooden frames. The technology is simple and the materials are convenient. It is suitable for the needs of new factories, schools, shops, residences, etc. Late Qing Dynasty, 1960s and 1970s. The mixed structure of brick and wood realized a revolution in the main body of architecture in the late Qing Dynasty, and launched a series of architectural representatives, such as Shanghai Jianghaiguan in the 17th year of Guangxu's reign, and the Beijing Hotel in the 26th year of Guangxu's 26th year.

During this period, high-end apartments, garden houses and other residences mostly used a mixture of brick and wood structures. 2. Western-style houses appeared long before the Opium War, and the Portuguese had already built Western-style houses in Macau. In the eyes of the Chinese, it is easy for foreigners to manage a house, with three floors stacked on top of each other, embroidered with green windows, and gold and jade outside. Talk about Hangzhou. After the war, Westerners established concessions in the treaty ports, which also featured towering pavilions, misty clouds, flying painted buildings, and blue-sill bead curtains. Wang Tao: Talking about Hangzhou, page 59, the first seal in the history of Chinese architecture. Under the influence of Westerners in high-rise buildings, the Chinese also began to build Western-style or semi-Western-style houses, and there was a trend of imitating Western styles. Deng Lin Zexu Ji? The diary said: Garden pavilions in the late Qing Dynasty also used Western-style buildings, and they were almost everywhere in the capital. In Tiandang, small foreign-style houses gradually replaced the courtyard houses in the north and became the new trend of local residential architecture; in Hankou, the houses are magnificent and there are many high-rise buildings. Xu Huandou: Notes on His Travels, page 13, 1915. A new form of residential building also emerged called the Lane. Many of these alleys are two-story buildings with straight and spacious passages in the middle. The neat and uniform landscape is in sharp contrast to the old alleys. In Shenyang, the buildings are magnificent and people learned from the West, so the buildings are densely packed, the sky is high and the clouds are beautiful, stretching for dozens of miles, Towards the World Series Volume 97 History of Chinese Customs. In Qingdao, most of the houses in the city are European-style buildings. Yuan Rongrong: Hankou Xiaozhi? Business Journal, page 72. In Hangzhou, there are many villas beside the West Lake, and most of them are Western-style buildings. Tsui Hark: Volume 1, Fengtian Tongzhi, page 10. At that time, the interior furnishings of villa buildings also paid attention to style. Not only do hotels advertise that all electrical appliances are modeled after European and American styles, but Western-style furniture is also used in people's rooms. There was a time when Shanghai homes were furnished with nothing but elm wood vessels, porcelain vases, and copper pots, which made people feel respectable. Nowadays, the mahogany houses in Shanghai are very unusual. They must have an iron bed, a leather couch, a light, and a fan to feel comfortable. Ninth edition, August 9, 1912. More and more people in Beijing are using Western-style furniture, so that since the Republic of China, many Western-style wooden furniture factories have been opened in various places. Some wealthy families have Western-style living rooms, full of Western-style furniture, specially designed to receive foreigners or new-school people. With the improvement of construction technology around the world, more advanced steel-concrete structures have emerged

After the late Qing Dynasty, steel, cement, machine-made bricks, glass ceramics, building hardware, etc. have become emerging industries with promising development prospects. industry. At the same time, paying attention to architectural decoration is also an important feature of public buildings and residential buildings in the late Qing Dynasty. During the late Qing Dynasty, many buildings were decorated with brick carvings, stone carvings, wood decorations, lacquer surfaces, terrazzo, mosaics, bronze decorations, plaster decorations, aluminum alloy decorations, etc. It adds color to urban architecture. The residential architecture of the late Qing Dynasty was changed and updated in these aspects.