The History of the Tomb of the Eastern Qing Dynasty

The 15 mausoleums of the Eastern Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty began with the first construction of the emperor shunzhi's Xiaoling Mausoleum in 1661 (18th year of Shunzhi) and ended with the completion of Putuo Valley Dingdong Mausoleum of Empress Dowager Cixi in 198 (34th year of Guangxu). The construction activities lasted for 247 years. With the development of the Qing dynasty from weak to strong and from prosperity to decline, the construction activities of the Qing Dongling also experienced the same development process. In 1661 (the 18th year of Shunzhi), the construction of the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the emperor shunzhi, the first emperor who entered the customs, began, and in 1664 (the 3rd year of Kangxi), the main project was completed. In 1668 (the seventh year of Kangxi), the pavilion of Shengde was built. The scale of the mausoleum is very grand and the system is quite complete, which has become the foundation stone of the overall pattern of the Qing Dongling Cemetery. In 1674 (13th year of Kangxi), Empress Xiaochengren, the first empress of Emperor Kangxi, died and started to build Jingling. In 1676 (the fifteenth year of Kangxi), the ground was broken. When Empresses Xiaocheng and Xiaozhao were buried in 1681 (the twentieth year of Kangxi), the Long 'en Hall in Jingling was still under construction (the completion time was to be tested). At the same time, the Princess Garden in Jingling, where Emperor Ji Bin of Kangxi was buried, was also completed, becoming the first princess garden built by the Qing Dynasty in Shanhaiguan. In 1688 (twenty-seventh year of Kangxi), Emperor Kangxi followed his grandmother's orders and built a temporary security hall outside the Feng Shui wall and on the east side of Dahongmen. Thirty-seven years later, in 1725 (the third year of Yongzheng), yongzheng emperor decided to rebuild the temporary Anfeng Hall into the Zhaoxi Mausoleum, which was started on the third day of the second lunar month and completed at the end of the year. Shortly after the temporary Anfeng Hall of Xiaozhuangwen Queen was completed, Emperor Kangxi built a mausoleum for Empress Xiaohui Zhang on the east side of Xiaoling Mausoleum, which was completed in about 1693 (thirty-two years of Kangxi) (the exact age remains to be tested). This is the first mausoleum built by the Qing dynasty, which set a precedent for the Qing dynasty to build a mausoleum for the empress alone. Because it is located in the east of Xiaoling Mausoleum and is the same system as Xiaoling Mausoleum, it is named "Xiaoling Mausoleum". In the early years of Yongzheng, yongzheng emperor determined his eternal happiness as Jiufeng chao yang shan in Zunhua, and shipped a lot of building materials. In 1729 (the seventh year of Yongzheng), yongzheng emperor abandoned it on the pretext that it was "large in scale but incomplete in shape, and the soil in the cave was covered with sand and gravel", and then it was built at the foot of Taining Mountain in Yixian County, Hebei Province. Since then, there has been a distinction between "Dongling" and "Xiling". Soon after Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, in order to repay the kindness of Emperor Kangxi, the grandmother's generation, and the kindness of two imperial concubines, I specially built a garden bed for them in the east of Jingling (the date of commencement and completion is expected to be tested), which is called the imperial concubine garden bed of Jingling, commonly known as the double princess mausoleum. In 1742 (the seventh year of Qianlong), Emperor Qianlong designated Shengshuiyu in Dongling as his eternal land. In February of the following year, it broke ground and was completed in 1752 (the seventeenth year of Qianlong), and in 1799 (the fourth year of Jiaqing), it was named "Yuling". The mausoleum hall is open, magnificent in architecture, exquisite in workmanship, exquisite in materials and magnificent, which can be called excellent work.

ground was broken in p>1747 (the 12th year of Qianlong) and completed in 1752 (the 17th year of Qianlong). From 1755 to 1762 (2 to 27 years of Qianlong), it was expanded, and Fangcheng, Minglou, Baocheng and the East-West Annex Hall were added. In order to balance the relationship between Dongling and Xiling, in 1796 (the first year of Jiaqing), Emperor Hongli of Tai Shang ordered that the tombs be built separately in the East and West Tombs in the order of Zhao Mu. After Emperor Daoguang ascended the throne, following this order, a mausoleum was built in Baohuayu in Dongling in 1821 (in the first year of Daoguang) and completed in 1827 (in the seventh year of Daoguang). Its princess garden and princess garden were also completed. In the second year after the completion of Baohuayu Mausoleum, Emperor Daoguang was furious. He not only severely punished the ministers who built the Mausoleum, but also ignored the edict that Zhao and Mu should build the East and West separately, and made the mausoleum site in Xiling. Then, the completed Baohuayu Mausoleum and the imperial concubine's garden in Dongling were abolished and transported to Xiling for reconstruction, leaving a ruin in the Dongling boundary. After Emperor Xianfeng acceded to the throne, he ordered his ministers to visit the mausoleum sites in East and West Mausoleum, and finally decided on Ping 'an Valley in Dongling. In 1859 (the ninth year of Xianfeng), ground was broken for construction. Because of the outbreak of the Second Opium War, the mausoleum workers were blocked. In 1861 (the 11th year of Xianfeng), after the death of Emperor Xianfeng in chengde mountain resort, the mausoleum work was forced to step up. It was not until 1866 (five years of Tongzhi) that it was finally completed and named Dingling. Later, the imperial concubine's garden bed also came to an end. When Dingling was built, the treasury was very empty because of the compensation for defeat, so we had to choose a lot of old materials abandoned by Daoguang Emperor of Baohuayu, and the quality of the building was not as good as before. In 1873 (the 12th year of Tongzhi), Empress Dowager Ci 'an and Empress Dowager Cixi Dingdong Mausoleum broke ground at the same time in Puxiang Valley and Putuo Valley in Erli, east of Dingling, and were completed at the same time in 1879 (the 5th year of Guangxu). However, 16 years later, Empress Dowager Cixi, relying on the opportunity of dominating the throne, ordered the restoration of her mausoleum under the pretext of "disrepair for a long time". Construction started in 1895 (the 21st year of Guangxu) and was completed in 198 (the 34th year of Guangxu), which lasted for 13 years. The rebuilt Cixi Mausoleum is inferior to the adjacent Cian Mausoleum because of its exquisite materials, exquisite workmanship, luxurious decoration and exquisite architecture. Because these two tombs are located in the east of Dingling and subordinate to Dingling, they are collectively called "Dingdong Mausoleum". Empress Cian's mausoleum is called Puxiangyu Dingdong Mausoleum; The mausoleum of Empress Dowager Cixi is called Dingdong Mausoleum in Putuo Valley. Emperor Tongzhi didn't choose a mausoleum site before his death, and only after his death did he make a hasty assessment. The mausoleum site was determined in Shuang Shan Valley within the Dongling boundary, and Dingling was named "Huiling". Construction started in 1875 (the first year of Guangxu) and was completed in 1878 (the fourth year of Guangxu). The Princess Garden Bedroom, located on the west side of Huiling, was also built in 1876-1878 (Guangxu two to four years). Due to the difficult national strength, poor building materials and hasty construction, only 21 years passed, and in 1899 (the 25th year of Guangxu), it was found that the large wooden components of the Long 'en Hall were mostly damaged and decayed, so they had to be demolished and rebuilt. The reconstruction project started in 1899. Due to Eight-Nation Alliance's occupation of Beijing, the project was stranded for a time, and it didn't end until 196 (thirty-two years of Guangxu), which lasted for eight years. The continuous large-scale construction of imperial tombs has not only greatly consumed the national treasury, but also increased the burden on the people. In particular, the frequent prosperity of great projects during Guangxu period made the already fragile economy worse, thus accelerating the fall of the Qing Dynasty.