Chinese national geography reports from Tangya Tusi City.
It is hard to imagine how difficult it was to establish the Chinese nation before we arrived at Tangya Tusi City. Tangya is located on the Tangya River in Jianshan Township, Xianfeng County, Hubei Province, and is the center of Tujia nationality. Tujia nationality area, except the southwest corner bordering the southwest minority areas, all the surrounding areas are Han nationality. Such an isolated island belonged to Ba people in the Han Dynasty.
The land, the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty were "countries of detention", while the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were chieftain territories. It was not until the twelfth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty that they were "reformed to this day" and incorporated into China's "orthodoxy". Until the Republic of China, some places still retained the toast system, and the Red Army also dealt with some southwest toast in the Long March.
Tusi City is bigger than the Forbidden City in Beijing. As far as personal enjoyment is concerned, local tyrants are no less than the toast grade of the great emperor of Beijing. "Comfort is the highest, comfort is the second, and the chief is the second." Tang Yashi experienced ups and downs in these achievements, and finally ended up with "Tang Yalong's lawsuit". Regardless of the level, Tangya Company actually maintained a semi-independent state, and assumed certain obligations to the court. After being sealed by the court, it became a "local emperor". Even Tusi City has been honored as "Tusi Imperial City" by the people. Tangya chieftain reigned supreme in this area, with 18 generations, which lasted more than 460 years, longer than the sum of the two Han dynasties.
The area of Tusi City is even larger than the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties is about 960 meters long from north to south and 760 meters wide from east to west, not exceeding 73 hectares. Tangya Tusi City is vertical and horizontal 1 km, with an area exceeding 1 km2 (100 hectares, or 1.500 mu). Although Tusi City is less than 1/4O in Beijing, the capital of Ming and Qing Dynasties, the local emperor is no less than the great emperor in Beijing in terms of "personal enjoyment".
Tangya Tusi City is near Tangya River, and the downstream of this river flows into Wujiang River. The bazi state-owned road built by Tujia ancestors goes down to the east of Sichuan along the Tangya River "upstream for 3,800 miles", so the relationship between Tangyatus and the east of Sichuan is quite close. Even in Emei and Qingcheng, we can see the practice of Tangya Tusi City in architecture, which is not surprising.
The location of Tangya Tusi City is very clever. Tangya River in the east and Xuanwu Mountain in the west, with ravines on both sides, naturally form a gentle slope inclined eastward as a whole; There are abundant water sources around, so sewage discharge is not a problem. The city wall is built along the ridge and the inner bank of the river ditch, which can be described as deep ditch and high base, spanning Xuanwu Mountain. It can be seen that there is a vast and fertile flat dam here, which makes people believe that this "country-attached" farming has enough food to supply Tusi City, and it can persist for a long time even if it is besieged. On the east bank of Tangya River, the cliff bank is high and steep. At that time, the city defense must be considered first, but it also made people feel beautiful and charming. In recent years, attention has been paid to protection, and the surrounding trees are gradually flourishing, which is restoring the past "king city" weather.
Many ethnic groups have the primitive belief of "worshiping the east". The general direction of Tusi City is "sitting west facing east" and occupying a gentle slope, which is the traditional rule for people in western Hubei to settle down, but Tangya Tusi City has only expanded its scale. The gentle slope does not occupy fertile land, which is convenient for water diversion and drainage and is beneficial to flood control. Now the Chaoyangguan Reservoir has been built in the lower reaches of Tangya River, and the backwater overflows, which exceeds the boundary of Tusi City, but the water level is far lower than the urban area. It is conceivable that even if there were flash floods and waterfalls in those years, it would not cause damage to Tangya Tusi City.
The general direction chosen by Tusi City is facing east. It is not accidental and deserves further study. Many nationalities in the world have the primitive belief of "worshipping the East". From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, China still took "sitting in the east" as his honour. Recently, it was reported that the Yangling Mausoleum of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty sat west facing east, which fully confirmed this point. Probably at the beginning of the establishment of the city in the Yuan Dynasty, Tujia people still maintained such an old habit, which was inadvertently revealed.
The remains of Tangya Tusi City are already rich, but they share the same fate with the ecology of other parts of the country. The slogan "Agricultural Dazhai" brought a devastating disaster to Tang Ya: farmland was reclaimed everywhere and many relics were "swept away". However, the towering Tusi Yamen archway, the lifelike stone statues and horses in front of the temple, the mysterious Tusi mausoleum and Mrs. Tian's tomb are still the pride of Tangya. In Hubei, except for the "Ruling the World and Xuan Yue" archway in Wudang Mountain, there is no square with "Jingnan Xiongzhen, Chushu Pinghan" that can surpass Tang Ya. It is more likely that the Tusi Mausoleum is the only one in China. The "Three Streets" slate is still intact, and there are countless "Eighteen Alleys". There are many ruins of the city wall, and the city wall around Jiajiagou is more clear. For the rest of the buildings built in the city, the local elders can point out their locations (see the schematic diagram of the ruins of Tangya Tusi City attached to this article). The main buildings pay attention to feng shui, axis and scenery, and it is not difficult to locate them accurately. There is no difficulty in making some signs at the original site; This can make it easy for tourists to imagine and think about ancient love. It is not impossible to rebuild even a part of it in archaeology. In recent years, in order to promote Tujia culture and develop tourism, there are proposals to revitalize Tang Ya. Of course, this requires long-term consideration, discussion of its feasibility and detailed planning. Some people advocate that the valuable and difficult-to-protect Tujia diaojiao buildings in various places should be moved to a hall to form a Tujia folk village, which deserves serious consideration.
The toast system has a long history, and Tangya Tusi City is a vivid example. The toast system in China has a long history and is widely distributed, which is a huge "existence". Tangya Tusi is one of the most vivid examples of this great existence. According to the Summary of the Qing Dynasty, Tusi was once distributed in two foreign countries and seven inland provinces. In the summer and April of the twelfth year of Yongzheng, the toast of Huguang Rongmei (the center is in Hefeng County) first "changed the soil and returned to the current". Then, in May, the "Heather Fu Xuan Division changed to the official", Tangya belonged to Heather, and the "luck" of Tangya Tusi ended here. In June, "Hu Guang Zhong Gang and other 15 chieftain officials changed their positions", and the whole chieftain system in Hu Guang (Hunan and Hubei) was completely "cleaned up" (for the above quotation, see the draft of the ninth emperor of Qing Dynasty). The reason why the Qing government quickly attacked Rongmei and Heather first was because this area went deep into the mainland and had long been the confidant of the Qing Dynasty. The chieftains of the previous dynasties sent troops to serve, and the memorial archway of Tangya Tusi City was a praise for Tangya's military exploits in the Ming Dynasty. After entering the Qing Dynasty, a large number of "non-pretenders", including the old people of the former Ming Dynasty, took refuge in the Tusichang, waiting for an opportunity to "fool around". The rest of Li Zicheng established base areas in this area and fought guerrilla warfare for more than 20 years. On the day of Wu Sangui's rebellion, the forces also came to Huguang Tusi; In recent years, one party's "permanent lawsuit seal" was actually granted by Wu Sangui's "pseudo-week". All this had to make the Qing court fidgety.
"Qing Draft-Seven Zhenglu" summarizes the toast with great academic value: Long Yan's old system, Xiang Chuming; Yunnan and Sichuan have become three or four out of ten, and Guizhou and Guangxi are the chief counties. Judging from the present situation, only half of them are weak; There are hundreds of detailed records. It is said that the toast system in seven provinces in the mainland has not been touched in Gansu, but has been completely eliminated in Hubei and Hunan; Yunnan, Sichuan, 10: 34 changed to Liuguan, leaving a small part in Guangxi, Guizhou. After the abdication of the Qing Dynasty, dozens of chieftains remained "dead", leaving the "Republic of China" with the task of reunification, which was not completed until after liberation.
A simple chieftain system has such tenacious vitality, and it has long been in parallel with the official system on a large scale, naturally forming "one country, two systems", which is a political phenomenon worthy of attention and a cultural phenomenon worthy of consideration. The seven provinces in which the Tusi are distributed listed in the Draft of Qing History are just the broad sense of Ba territory or Pan-Ba. Tusi system can be regarded as one of the manifestations of Pan-Ba culture. Visitors to Tang Ya will naturally marvel at its magnificent mountains and rivers, rich cultural relics and colorful folk customs. Perhaps, through superficiality, they will be lost in thought, arouse their nostalgia for our nation, and dive into the deep layers of history to explore secrets.