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During the Warring States period, most scholars were active in thinking and brave in making contributions. They dare to speak, never hide their views, and dare to argue the views of different schools. This is the so-called "a hundred schools of thought contend" in history. The so-called "strategist" is actually a political activist and another quite active "scholar". They shuttled between the vassal states at that time, peddling their political opinions everywhere, such as Zhang Yi, Chen Ke, Su Qin and Su Dai.
From the original point of view, the literature in the Warring States period is mainly prose, mainly including historical prose and philosophical prose. Historical prose includes Mandarin, Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy. Philosophical papers include The Analects of Confucius, Mozi, Laozi, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Everything is done wrong, and Lv Chunqiu. The characteristics of the Warring States articles are as follows: First, the idea of "attaching importance to the people" in Mencius was greatly enhanced and reached its peak; Second, the identity and status of the protagonist in the work are constantly moving down.
2. Among all literary forms, poetry is the earliest one. Most of the existing mature primitive poems are related to witchcraft belief.
"Breaking bamboo, flying soil to eat meat" comes from the Spring and Autumn Period of Wuyue. Zhouyi is a systematic divination book dedicated to divination, which is divided into two parts: classics and biography.
There was no special collection of myths in ancient China, and mythological materials were scattered in ancient books. There are many preserved materials, such as Shan Hai Jing, Chu Ci, Huai Nan Zi, Mu Chuan and Zhuangzi. The myth of Houyi shooting at the sun is recorded in detail in Huainanzi.
3. The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems. He collected 305 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period or about five or six hundred years later. The Book of Songs consists of three parts: style, elegance and ode. Among them, the wind includes 15 National Wind and *** 160 articles; Elegance is divided into "elegance" and "elegance", *** 105; Ode is divided into Zhou Song, Truffle and Shang Ode, with a total of 40 articles. Wind, elegance and praise are essentially a musical classification. Classify the Book of Songs from the content, which can be divided into sacrificial poems (life, Wu and Zai Ji), all of which are contained in the three Odes; Hymns, praising the achievements of ancestors (Sheng Min, Gong Liu, Si Bu, Yi Di, Daming in The Scholars); Hating poems, exposing difficulties, satirizing state affairs (people's old, Sang Rou, Jienan Mountain, Xiao Ye), Beishan Mountain, etc. ); Love poems (Guan Ju, Jia Jian, Yue Chu, Cai Ge), beautiful girls, weeds); Conscription poem, reflecting the problems of war and army life (loaded late, Cai Wei, no clothes).
4. Ancient prose appeared with the chronicles of historians, and the earliest collection of historical prose in China was Shangshu. Among the 28 modern "Shangshu", there are books about Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou. The Book of History focuses on memorizing words, and the articles are divided into three categories: canon, ink, instruction, patent, oath and fate. Among them, "Tang Shi" is Shang Tang's oath when he attacked Jie Li; "Don't escape" is the admonition of Duke Zhou to become a king. Three articles in Pan Geng are Pan Geng's speeches to his subjects when he moved the capital.
5. The prose art of Warring States Policy has achieved great success, and was praised as "eloquent" by predecessors. There are many fables in the Warring States Policy, such as "painting a snake to add to the foot", "fighting between snipes and mussels", "if you want to add a crime, you can't stop it", "riding a tiger is difficult" and "doing the opposite".
6. Pre-Qin historical prose, such as Yi Zhou Shu, Mu Chuan, Banquet Spring and Autumn, etc., is also literary.
7. During the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, including Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism and many other schools, including famous artists, military strategists, farmers, miscellaneous writers and novelists. The Warring States Policy by strategists, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi by Confucianists, Mozi by Mohists, Laozi and Zhuangzi by Taoists and Hanfeizi by Legalists are the most representative works.
8. After Confucius, the Mohist school founded by Mo Zhai was a rival to the Confucian school, which was called "Xianxue" at that time. The central idea of Mozi is universal love and non-aggression. Mozi shows the trace of transition from documentary style to mature prose. Mohism also put forward "three forms" as the standard of argument, also known as "three laws".
9. Zhuangzi achieved the highest literary achievement in the middle of the Warring States Period, while Xunzi and Hanfeizi in the later period were highly mature in style and skills.
10, Laozi is also a quotation, with eighty-one chapters, the first chapter is Tao Jing, and the second chapter is The Classic of Morality, which are collectively called The Classic of Morality. The philosophical category of "Tao" is of great significance in the history of philosophy.
1 1, Mencius is a representative figure of Confucianism after Confucius. In his later years, he edited Mencius with his disciple Zhang Wan, which included seven articles, including Wang Hui, Gongsun Chou,,,,,, confession and dedication of Liang Wang. Mencius' theory of benevolent governance is based on the theory of good nature and people-oriented thought. Mencius also put forward the literary view of "knowing people and discussing the world" and "opposing wisdom with meaning".
12, Zhuangzi has 52 original articles, and there are 33 existing articles, including 7 internal articles, 5 external articles 15 miscellaneous articles 1 1. Zhuangzi is the representative of Taoist school after Laozi.
There are 32 articles in 13 and Xunzi, which were compiled by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty. Xunzi advocated that "the law should be followed by the king, and the etiquette should be unified and one system should be adopted."
14, Xunzi at the end of the Warring States Period was the most important representative of Confucianism after Mencius, with two rhymes, Xiangcheng and Fupian. Chāo in Qing Dynasty called Xiangcheng "the ancestor of Tanci in later generations". Fu Pian is the first fu in the history of literature, which was later inherited by Han Fu and became the basic form of fu literature.
15, Han Fei's propositions are "when things are different", "when things are different, they change when they are prepared", and "when a saint does not expect to repair the ancient times, he can't do it, but he can discuss things in the world because he is prepared". Han Fei's fables include Waiting for the Rabbit and Buying Shoes for Men.
16, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals takes the Taoist school of Huang Lao as the mainstream. He is good at reasoning with metaphors and fables, such as "carving a boat for a sword", "covering his ears and stealing bells" and "robbing people of gold".
17, Reese applied the legalist theory to political practice, and his masterpiece was the book of exhortation and expulsion. The masterpiece Letter from Prison is in the form of irony. Mr. Lu Xun once said: "The Qin dynasty only focuses on Lisi."
18, Qu Yuan's works have 23 volumes, including Li Sao, Nine Songs (eleven volumes), Nine Chapters (nine volumes), Tian Wen and Evocation. "There is a maple on the water in Zhanjiang, with eyes looking thousands of miles away, hurting the heart of spring and mourning for the south of the Yangtze River" comes from Evocation.
19, Chapter 9 is a group of lyric poems describing Qu Yuan's life experience, including chanting, Shejiang, mourning, thinking, thinking, Yuan, Ode to an Orange, Sorrow for the Dead, etc., with 9 works. Among them, Ode to an Orange is the earliest, and Nostalgia is his last work.
20. After Qu Yuan, the writers of Chu Ci in the pre-Qin period included Song Yu, Jing Ke and Le Tang. Song Yu's works include Evocation of Soul and Nine Arguments, which are regarded as Song Yu's works by later generations. The name of Jiubian originated from the heavenly music in ancient legends, while Song Yu's Jiubian only copied the name of ancient music, and Jiubian was regarded as the "ancestor of mourning for autumn" by scholars in previous dynasties. Song Yu's works, such as Feng Fu, Disciple Fu, Gao Tang Fu, Goddess Fu and Ask the King of Chu, are not necessarily written by Song Yu, but they are also very distinctive.
2 1, Han Fu is divided into Sao Fu and San Fu. Sao style and Qu Yuan come down in one continuous line. The initiator was Jia Yi in the early Han Dynasty, and his representative works include Fu for Hanging Qu Yuan and Fu for Watching Birds. There are Dong Zhongshu's Poems on Scholars and Sima Qian's Poems on Mourning Scholars. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yan Feng's "Showing Zhi Fu", Zhang Heng's "Returning to Tian Fu" and Zhao Yi's "Living in the World for Sickness Fu".
22. There are also "adult fu" and "mourning two fu" in Sima Xiangru. Proses include Fisherman's Shu Ba, Old People Difficult to Shu, Sword Hunting Shu, Feng Chan Wen and so on. p . 196
23. Yang Xiong imitated Zi Xu's Fu and Shanglin's Fu, and created Ganquan Fu, Hunting Feather Fu and Changyang Fu. He also wrote Taixuan Fu, Zhuanpin Fu and Anti-Li Sao in Sao style.
24. Zhang Heng's Gui Tian Fu is still in the same strain as the Sao Fu in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, but there are many changes in thought and article system. He is the pioneer of the so-called "lyrical small fu" popular in the world after Wei and Jin Dynasties. This kind of fu also includes Zhao Yi's fu of stabbing the world in spite of illness, Mi Fei's fu of parrot, and RoyceWong's fu of climbing the building. Zhang Heng is a representative figure in the transition from the second stage to the third stage of Ci and Fu in Han Dynasty.
25. Jia Yi's political papers mainly include Public Security Policy (also known as A Record of Chen Zheng), On Guo Qin, On Accumulation and Sparse Storage, and Sparse Zhuzi in Huainan, Li Jian, etc.
26. Chao Cuo's political essays mainly include guarding the border to persuade agriculture to be sparse, on your millet to be sparse, on the countermeasures of virtuous writing, on military affairs to be sparse, and on cutting the vassal to be sparse. Lu Xun praised it as "the Great Prose of the Western Han Dynasty", including Jia Yi's Public Security Policy and On Crossing the Qin Dynasty, and Chao Cuo's Good Writing Countermeasures, which talked about military affairs and advised farmers to be sparse.
27. Meicheng is good at ci fu, and his masterpiece is Seven Hairs. There is only one essay left in his prose, Letter to the King of Wu.
28. Zou Yang's essays include The Book of King Wu and The Book of King Liang in Prison.
29. There are only three essays by Dong Zhongshu, "Giving Good Strategies".
30. Dong Fangshuo's essays include It's Time to Write a Letter, Dissolving the Forest Garden, Difficult to Answer Guests and On No Sir.
3 1, Yang Yun is the grandson of Sima Qian, and he has a book "Report to Sun Huizong".
32. Liu Xiang's most famous memorial is the "proposal to run too extravagant". This article was praised as "the first book in Xijing" by Mao Kun in Ming Dynasty.
33. Yang Xiong's prose includes some paragraphs in the single prose "All the Dynasties" and "The Eyes of Law". Yang Xiong was called the "master" who was best at "simulation" by Lu Xun. He copied the Book of Changes to write Tai Xuan, and copied the Analects to write Fa Yan. The writing of Jie Chao completely imitates Dong Fangshuo's Difficult to Answer a Guest.
34. Liu Xin is the son of Liu Xiang. Prose collections include Dr. Shifu Taichang and Shan Hai Jing Biao.
35. Huan Tan, Wang Chong, Yan Feng and Ma Yuan were the main writers in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, of which Wang Chong was the most important. In the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, there were Gu Li, Wang Fu and Zhong Changtong. Wang Chong's Lun Heng; Ma Yuan's book "Order Brothers and Fathers to Be Strict"; Coulee's book of Huang Qiong; Wang Fu's On the Latent Husband; Zhong Changtong's tirade.
36. Historical Records was originally named Taishi Gongshu, which was called Historical Records after the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. This book has 130 articles and 520,000 words, which is the first biography of China. It can be traced back to Xuanyuan Emperor to the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is divided into five parts: chronicle, family background, biography and book list. Chronicle is a historical event with the chronological order of emperors as the key link. Family is a family history with titles in past dynasties, which describes the governors of various vassal States and the emperors of Han Dynasty in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Biographies are all talented, accomplished and valuable people. Biographies of people who have had an important impact on society: The Book is an institutional history of economy, military affairs, water conservancy, sacrifice, rites and music; "Table" is to list complex historical events in tables, which makes people clear at a glance. Historical Records has a wide range of contents and superb art. It is not only a great masterpiece of history and literature, but also rich in many disciplines and fields such as philosophy, politics, economy, military science, law, medicine, astronomy and geography. So that no matter which department we study today, it seems that we can't ignore historical records. In this sense, it can also be said that Historical Records is an all-encompassing encyclopedia.
37. Ban Gu said that "Historical Records" is "not empty beauty, not hidden evil, so it is called a record". Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "A historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme".
38. Sima Qian put forward in his book "Bao Ren An" that the purpose of creating "Historical Records" is to "understand the changes of ancient and modern times and become a unified view when studying the relationship between man and nature".
39. Hanshu was written by Ban Biao, Ban Gu, Ban Zhao and Ma Xu, including twelve biographies, eight tables, ten records, seventy biographies and * * * one hundred biographies. From the first year of Emperor Gaozu (206 BC) to the fourth year of Emperor Wangmang (23 years), it is China's first biography. In addition, Ban Gu also has Fu on Two Capitals, Fu on a Tour, and prose A Bin. Later generations compiled Ban Lan Tai Ji.
40. The author of Wu Yue Chun Qiu is Zhao Ye in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The representative figure of the inscriptions in the late Eastern Han Dynasty was Cai Yong.
4 1, the amenorrhea ceremony of Madibao in the Eastern Han Dynasty, can be called the originator of travel literature.
42. Yuefu was originally the name of a musical organ, which was formally established in the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. The functions of Yuefu organs are as follows: first, composing lyrics and practicing rehearsals; On the other hand, it is to organize people to collect folk songs everywhere. "Everyone has a feeling of sadness and joy, which is caused by things. You can also observe the terroir and know the thickness of the clouds. " Han Shu. There are 60 Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty, mainly concentrated in Yuefu poems compiled by Guo Maoqian in Song Dynasty.
43. The longest narrative poem in ancient China, Peacock Flying to the Southeast, was first written by Xu Ling at the end of the Southern Dynasties. There is a small preface under the title, saying that the story happened during the Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty.
44. There are two Chu Ci poems in the Han Dynasty: The Song of Gaixia by Xiang Yu, The Song of the Strong Wind by Liu Bang, The Song of Lady Qi by Mrs Qi, Ode to Autumn Wind, Song of Praise for the Son, The Song of Five Loves (Eastern Han Dynasty) and Four Sorrow by Zhang Heng (already a relatively neat one).
45. Ban Gu wrote a poem "Ode to History", which is the first recorded five-character poem of literati in ancient China. After that, Zhang Heng wrote a simultaneous song, Qin Jia wrote a poem for a woman, Song Zihou wrote a five-character Yuefu Dong Jiaorao, and Xin Yannian wrote a five-character Yuefu Yu. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the masterpiece of literati's five-character poems was the anonymous group poem Nineteen Ancient Poems.
46. The main force and representative figures of literary creation in Jian 'an period were Sancao, Qizi and Cai Yan, a poetess. With the efforts of Cao Shi and his son, a large number of literati such as Qizi, Yang Xiu, Min Qin and Cai Yan were attracted to the throne, forming a dynamic group under the throne.
47. "Three Caos" refers to Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi; "Seven sons" refer to Kong of Lu, Wang Shen of Chen, Zhang and Zhang of Guangling, Xu of Beihai, Yuan Yu of Liu Chen, Delian of Xingyang of Runan and Liu Zhen of Dongping.
48. Cao Cao was an outstanding writer in Jian 'an period, a pioneer in creating a new situation in Jian 'an literature, and created a new atmosphere in Jian 'an literature. Cao Cao has excellent poetry and prose, free form and distinctive style. Lu Xun praised him as "the founder of transforming literature". His Good Li Xing was praised by Zhong Xing as "the true record of the late Han Dynasty and the true history of poetry".
49. Cao Cao deserves to be the core figure of Jian 'an literature, and his poetry and prose creation has achieved a generation of ethos. He wrote current events with the ancient poems of Yuefu, which not only created a new style of Yuefu poetry creation, but also provided important experience and enlightenment for the further development of later poems. In the five-character era, he made the four-character poems glow again, which had a positive impact on the creation of four-character poems by Ji Kang, Tao Yuanming and Han Yu.
50. Cao Pi's Ge Yanxing uses the first-person narrator, and the whole poem uses seven words. Every sentence rhymes and rhymes to the end, which occupies an important position in the development history of China's seven-character poems. Cao Pi is also good at prose and ci-fu. His exposition in Dian Lun is longer than the discussion. His representative works are Yu Wu Shu and Yu Wu Shu.
5 1. Cao Zhi was later called "Chen Siwang" or "Chen Wang". He was the first writer to write a five-character poem vigorously, and Zhong Rong called him "of extremely high character, adopting Hua Mao's words". Cao Zhi pushed the development of literati's five-character poems to an unprecedented peak, marking the complete maturity of literati's five-character poems. Zhong Rong called it "the outstanding person in Jian 'an". Luo Shen Fu is his masterpiece. In addition, there are "emphasizing books and Wuji", "books and Yang Dezu" and "seeking self-test table".
52. Kong Rong's essays include On Xiaozhang Sheng's Book and Praise Mi Fei's Table. Cao Pi said he was "full of anger" and Liu Xie said he was "full of anger like a pen". Liu Xie called RoyceWong the "crown of seven sons", among which three are the most famous, and Ode to the Building is the most famous. Chen Lin has Drinking Horses in the Cave of the Great Wall. Ruan Yu has "driven out of the north gate". At that time, Serina Liu and Cao Zhi were also called "Cao Liu", and his three poems "To My Brother" were the best. Xu Gan is the author of On China. Cai Yan's Five-character Poem of Sorrow and Anger is an autobiographical narrative poem with a length of 540 words, which has a great influence on Du Fu's Five Hundred Words and the Northern Expedition.
53. Mi Fei has "Hanging Zhang Hengwen" and "Parrot Fu". Zhuge Liang has an example.
54. The most representative writer of Zhengshi literature is "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Among them, Ruan Ji and Ji Kang have the highest character and literary achievements.
55. Eighty-two Love Poems is Ruan Ji's masterpiece, and it is the first lyric poem written with five-character ancient poems in China. Ruan Ji is the first person who has devoted himself to writing five-character poems since Jian 'an ... Zhong Rong commented on Ruan Ji's poems, "Words are in the eyes and ears, and feelings are sent to the table." He is good at writing, and his most famous masterpiece is Biography of Mr. Adult.
56. Ji Kang's poems include four-character poems, five-character poems, six-character poems, Yuefu poems and Sao-style poems, but the four-character poems have the highest achievements, and his representative works include eighteen poems, such as Giving a Scholar to His Brother to Join the Army and Resentment Poems. Liu Xie called Ji Shi "handsome" and Zhong Rong called Ji Shi "handsome". The article has "Tarshish's Proverbs". In the article "Breaking up with Shan Juyuan", there is "seven people will be unbearable, and two people can't do it". Liu Xie said Ji Kang's essays were "cheerful" and "won the teacher's heart".
57. During the Taikang period, Three Paintings (Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie, Zhang Kang), Erlu (Lu Ji, Lu Yun), Pan Liang (Pan Yue, Penny) and Zuo Yi (Zuo Si) became famous for a while. Fu Xuan and Zhang Hua were famous poets in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty. Fu Xuan is good at Yuefu poems, including Autumn and Qin Xing. Zhong Rong said that Zhang Hua's poems are "full of affection for children, but less romantic".
58. Pan Yue's Good Mourning, Nostalgia, Widow's Ode and Mourning Poems are all good at expressing mourning. Three five-character "Mourning Poems" in memory of forgetting his wife are masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.
59. Lu Ji was praised by Zhong Rong as "Taikang English". He is the founder of parallel prose. His parallel prose includes Diaowen, Preface to Mourning and Preface to Shi Hao. The famous paper is Wen Fu.
60. Zuo Si's masterpiece is eight epic poems. He is the most accomplished poet in Taikang and even in the Western Jin Dynasty. Liu Xie thinks that his poem "Ode to History" is a "five-word warning strategy" and highly praises "thinking left and right, strong wind". The most famous of Zuo Si's Ci Fu is Sandu Fu, which is expensive in Luoyang.
6 1, Guo Pu's poems are good. There are more than twenty poems, fourteen of which are his representative works. Zhong Rong thinks that his poems are "brilliant in literary talent and full of pondering", "generous in words and lovely far away from Xuanzong", and "can't you pass?" ? Wing Huai is not an immortal's interest. "
62. The metaphysical poets in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are Sun Chuo, Huan Wen, Yu Liang and Zhi Dun, among whom Sun and Xu are the representatives.
63. Tao Yuanming's three poems, Leisure Love Fu, is another one after Zhang Heng's "Fixed Love Fu" and Cai Yong's "Quiet Love Fu". Fu on Scholars imitates Dong Zhongshu's and Sima Qian's works on the same topic. The most outstanding of his ci works is "Return to Xi Ci". Tao Yuanming's essays include Biography of Mr. Wuliu and Peach Blossom Garden. Yuan Haowen on Tao Shiyun: "Only when you are extravagant can you see the truth." Xiao Tong of Liang Dynasty compiled eight volumes of Tao Yuanming's Collection.
64. The development of poetry in the Southern Dynasties can be divided into three stages: the representative writers of landscape poetry in Liu and Song Dynasties are Xie Lingyun, Yan Yanzhi and Bao Zhao, who are called "three outstanding poets in Yuanjia". Qi and Liang Chu were the period of the formation and prosperity of Yongming style, with Xie Tiao as the representative writers. From the middle period of Liang Dynasty to the prosperous period of Chen Wei's "Palace Poetry", the representative writers are Xiao Gang, Xiao Yi, Xu Biao, Xu Ling, Yu Jianwu and Yu Xin.
Xie Lingyun was called "Hero of Yuanjia" by Zhong Rong, and he and Yan Yanzhi were also called "Xie Yan".
65. Bao Zhao's masterpiece is accurate-difficult to walk. Zhong Rong called Bao Zhao "talented". Its style is bold and elegant, and Du Fu said, "Jun Yibao joined the army."
66. Shen Yue put forward the famous assertion that "there should be three changes in an article", namely "things that are easy to see", "articles that are easy to read" and "articles that are easy to read".
Xie Tiao's creative proposition is "the beauty of a good poem is like a tiny stream". He is the banner of Yongming style and the "first hero" and "crown" of Qi and Liang poetry circles.
68. Xiao Gang put forward that "you must be cautious when you make a statement, and the article will be debauched". Xiao Gang and his younger brothers, Liang, Yu Jian, and other court scholars greatly praised palace poems. They are all famous for writing brilliant poems, so people call this exquisite and brilliant poem "Yu Xuti". "The ugliness of the fish washing platform opens the wind of Shen Song." The poet we are talking about is Yin Keng.
69. Bao Zhao was a master of parallel prose in Song Dynasty, and his masterpiece was "Deng Lei An and My Sister's Book". There were also many excellent parallel prose works in the Qi and Liang Dynasties, such as Northern Yi Shan Written by Kong Zhijue, Thank You for Your Calligraphy written by Tao Hongjing, Thinking about Song and Yuan Dynasties written by Wu Yun and Writing about Chen Bozhi written by Qiu Chi. "Peanut Tree, Yingying Fly" is from Chen Bo's book.
70. Xu Ling was a famous parallel prose writer in Liang and Chen Dynasties, and "Preface to Yutai New Poetry" was his masterpiece.
7 1, Bao Zhao was the first writer of ci and fu in Song Dynasty, the most famous of which was Wu Chengfu.
72. Xie Huilian and Xie Zhuang were also famous fu writers in the Song Dynasty. Xie Huilian's most famous is snow fu, and Xie Zhuang's most famous is moon fu.
73. There are 28 existing poems by Jiang Yan, among which Bie Fu and Hate Fu are the most popular.
74. From the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Northern Qi Dynasty, several more orthodox writers of poetry and prose appeared in the Northern Dynasty. Among them, Wen Zi Sheng, Xing Shao and Wei Shou are famous writers, and they are called the three northern gifted scholars.
75. Du Fu said: "Yu Xin was the most miserable in his life. In his later years, his poems caused a sensation in the north and south of the country." "Yu Xin's article is older and more successful, and Ling Yunjian's pen is vertical and horizontal." Yu Xin is represented by twenty-seven chapters of Zhun Yong Huai. Yu Xin's lyric poems include Fu on a Dead Tree, Fu on a Bamboo Stick, Fu on Sadness, Fu on a Small Garden and so on. These are all famous works, the most representative of which is Fu Jiangnan Sorrow. Yu Xin is also a master of parallel prose, the most famous of which is preface to mourning for the south of the Yangtze River. Yu Xin was a literary master in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He is a link between the past and the future and occupies an important position in the history of literature.
76. Since the Qi and Liang Dynasties, the prose in the Southern Dynasties has declined gradually, while several unique prose masterpieces have appeared in the Northern Dynasties: Yan Zhitui's Family Instructions for Yan Family, Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics, and Yang Xuanzhi's Notes on Luoyang and Galand.
77. Yuefu folk songs in the Southern Dynasties are mainly preserved in Guo Maoqian's Yuefu poems, which are mainly composed of three parts: one is the five-tone song, the other is the immortal song, and the third is the western song. The most outstanding representative work of folk songs in the Southern Dynasties is the lyric poem "Song of the Western Zhou Dynasty".
78. The source of China's ancient novels can be traced back to ancient myths and legends.
79. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, "mystery novels" and "anecdote novels" made gratifying achievements. Gan Bao's Search for the Gods is the most successful novel. Among them, Fan Xun, Yu Chunbo, Donghai filial piety, Mo Xie, Han Ping and his wife are all famous. Other strange novels include Wang Jia's stories, Cao Pi's biography of Ley and Zhang Hua's natural history.
80. Anecdotal novels, which mainly record anecdotes and trivia of characters, were also quite popular in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu is a masterpiece of anecdote novels in this period, and it has been well preserved so far. It is centered on intellectuals in Wei and Jin Dynasties and is called "a textbook for celebrities" by Lu Xun.
8 1. Before Jian 'an, there was no literary criticism monograph in China. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Cao Pi's Dian Lun appeared. Papers, Cao Zhi's A Book with Wu, A Book with Yang Dezu, Lu Ji's A Book with Yu, Zhi Yu's Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Ge Hong's Bao Puzi and other literary criticism works, especially Dian Lun. Papers and essays have the most far-reaching influence. Cao Pi's classical theory. Thesis is the earliest monograph of literary theory criticism in China, and he regards it as "a great undertaking of statecraft and an immortal event". He clearly put forward the viewpoint of "elegant recitation, rational books, realistic topics and beautiful poems", and also put forward the viewpoint of "writing should be based on qi"
82. In Wen Fu, Lu Ji put forward the viewpoint that "poetry is beautiful because of emotion" and "it is clear because of body".
83. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, with the clear literary consciousness and writers' conscious pursuit of the artistry of their works, the theory of "writing" and "writing" became popular. Liu Xie distinguishes between rhyming and non-rhyming styles. Xiao Jiang, Emperor of Liang Yuan, pointed out that the characteristics of "Wen" should be "chanting wind songs and lingering". In the Selected Works compiled by the literati in Yanji, Xiao Tong, the standard that "things come from meditation and righteousness comes from ignorance" was put forward.
84. Wen Xin Diao Long was written in Qi, with a total of 50 articles, including four parts: general theory, stylistic theory, creative theory and criticism.
85. Shi Pin is the first monograph on poetry in China, and its scope is mainly five-character poetry. Zhong Rong put forward his own views on some important issues in poetry creation, such as the "taste" of poetry, the principle of "true beauty" of poetry, and the combination of "poor feelings" and "writing things" in poetry.
86. The most famous poet in the Sui Dynasty was Xue Daoheng, whose masterpiece Yesterday's Salt directly influenced four famous poets in the early Tang Dynasty. Wang Ji was a unique poet in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and was called "Bachelor of Wine Fighting".
87. Wei Zhi's masterpiece "Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong", his nostalgic poems are simple and healthy, like books. Shangguan Yi's poems are graceful and charming, which can be called "official style". Shen Song's achievement is to further standardize metrical poems.
88. "Four Friends of Articles" refer to Li Qiao, Su Weidao, Cui Rong and Du. Among them, Du's achievement is the highest. Du is best at the five laws, which is called the crown of the five laws in the early Tang Dynasty.
89. Farewell to the Governor in Shu, Teng Shi, Autumn Farewell to Teng Preface, Yang Jiong Joining the Army, Lu Nan Xing, Luo Congjun, Political Prisoner Listening to Cicada, Asking for the Wu Family on behalf of Li, etc.
90. In the process of getting rid of the legacy of the Six Dynasties and establishing the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Chen Ziang played a more important role than the Four Masters and enjoyed a lofty position in the history of literature. The reason why he has such a high position is that he criticized Qi Liang's style of writing more clearly than the Four Masters, and pointed out the correct direction for the development of literature in the Tang Dynasty. He clearly criticized the bad writing styles such as "adopting beauty for change" and "stumbling" since the Six Dynasties, vigorously advocated the harmony between Han and Wei, and accurately summarized their main characteristics: "strength of character" and "prosperity". Chen Ziang pointed out from the beginning: "It takes 500 years to write a bad article", which accurately grasped the problem of the history of literary development, which was much more practical than Si Jie and others only advocated the Book of Songs and Qu Song, Ma Mei, Wang Cao and others even denied it. Chen Ziang's thirty-eight Poems "Feeling for the Heart" is an imitation of Ruan Ji's eighty-two Poems "Singing for the Heart". Together with Guo Pu's 14 poems about immortals, Bao Zhao's 18 poems about difficult lines, Yu Xin's 27 ancient poems about nostalgia, Zhang Jiuling's 12 lyric poems and Li Bai's 59 ancient poems, it forms a lyric series (all five words except Bao Zhao).