What are Lingnan gardens and do they have any characteristics?
1. The development history of Lingnan gardens
Lingnan is the general name for the south of the Five Ridges in southern my country. Its territory mainly covers southern Fujian, all of Guangdong, eastern and southern Guangxi, and is located in Europe. The southeastern edge of the subcontinent, at low latitudes. There are five ridges as a barrier in the north, and the South China Sea in the south. It has many mountains and little land, and a network of rivers. It is subject to strong sunlight and the influence of sea and land monsoons, and has excellent climatic conditions. The Tropic of Cancer crosses the territory. Thanks to the regulation of the monsoon, the area is still beautiful with clear mountains and clear waters, luxuriant plants, and lush green all year round. It presents a typical subtropical and tropical natural landscape, and is known as the southern scenery and is famous both at home and abroad. Natural gardens formed by natural landscapes and private gardens suitable for the living habits of Lingnan people are also different from the magnificence of northern gardens and the delicate beauty of Jiangnan gardens, but have the Lingnan characteristics of lightness, freedom and openness. According to historical records, Lingnan gardens were first popularized by Emperor Zhao Tuo of Nanyue (? - 137 BC), who imitated the imperial palaces and gardens of the Qin Dynasty and built a large number of palaces and gardens in Panyu, the capital of Yue (today's Guangzhou). The existing Jiuyao Garden, formerly the ruins of Fairy Lake, pushed the royal palaces and gardens in Lingnan to the top. Later, with the decline of the separatist regime, the royal gardens in Lingnan disappeared; but with the gradual rise of Lingnan's social economy, culture and art. With the development and increasingly frequent exchanges at home and abroad, Lingnan gardens have gradually taken on an increasingly strong local folk color.
2. Classification of Lingnan gardens
According to the type of ownership, Lingnan gardens include royal, private and public gardens. Royal gardens include the Four Terraces of the Nanyue King, the Sangxi Palace of the Minyue King, the Western Imperial Garden of the Southern Han Dynasty, and the West Lake Crystal Palace of the Min King. The Jiuyao Stone from the Southern Han Dynasty Yaozhou still exists in the Jiuyao Garden in Guangzhou. The Jiuyao Stone was purchased by King Liu from Taihu, Lingbi and Sanjiang in the south of the Yangtze River. Private gardens include the Four Famous Gardens in Guangdong, Yanyuan Garden in Guangxi, Shuzhuang Garden in Fujian, and the Four Famous Gardens in Taiwan. The best-preserved Lingnan garden is the Yuyin Shanfang in Panyu. The gray plastic lintels, stone piles, regular pool banks, carved wooden cave covers, and corridor bridge combinations on the building are all models of Lingnan gardens. Park gardens include Huizhou West Lake, Guilin Qixingyan, Fujian Qingyuan Mountain, Taiwan Longhu Rock, etc.
According to layout type, Lingnan gardens include courtyard style, natural landscape style, comprehensive style, etc. The courtyard style is a characteristic of Lingnan gardens. Its compactness is comparable to that of Japanese classical gardens. Almost all private houses, restaurants, teahouses, and hotels have courtyard gardens, such as Dongguan Keyuan, Guangzhou White Swan Hotel, Haikou Overseas Chinese Hotel, etc.
Divided into regional types, Lingnan gardens include Guangdong gardens, Guangxi gardens, Fujian gardens, Taiwan gardens, Hainan gardens, etc. Guangdong gardens are the mainstream of Lingnan gardens. They are characterized by the landscape's stone hills and cliff pools, the buildings' gentle roofs and wide eaves and watchtowers and alleys, the decorative three carvings and three sculptures, the contrasting colors of blue, green and yellow, and the covered bridges. , plants are characterized by blooming flowers all year round. Guangxi gardens are characterized by the accumulation of natural landscapes and historical culture, which are reflected in stone forests, stone peaks, stone cliffs, stone pools and wall carvings. Hainan gardens are characterized by sea views, island views, reef views, and beach views in natural landscapes; grass roofs, fish ornaments, and simplicity are architectural features; and coconut groves, betel nuts, bougainvillea, etc. are plant features. Coral stones are used to build hills in various gardens. They are used to build slopes in Dadonghai, to build doors in Ocean Park, and to build hills in Wugong Temple. Fujian gardens are characterized by landscape features such as reefs and plastic drums, architectural features such as upturned main ridges and sea wave ridge tails, and decorative features such as dragon carvings, fish, grass, mountain flowers and stone carvings. Taiwanese gardens are characterized by gray plastic stone mountains, Guchi Stone Mountains and imitations of famous mountains in Fujian as landscape features, southern Fujian architecture as architectural features, flat-top arch bridges as bridge features, and gray plastic or brick carved melon and fruit utensils and leaky windows as decorative features
3. The natural elements of Lingnan gardens
Lingnan gardens are not mountainous. There are several types of gardens: First, the cliffs in the cliff, waterfall and pool, such as the Nine Lions in Qinghui Garden. Mountain and Fenglai Peak; the second is the Gushi Island in the Gushitan Bureau, such as the real Gushi in Wanshi Lake in Wanshi Botanical Garden and the plastic Gushi in Nanhu Park; the third is the reef island in the Sea Reef Bureau, such as the Gushi in Liangyuan, Foshan Turtle stones and lake center stones; the fourth is general mountains, such as the coral stone mountain in the Wugong Temple in Haikou. Lingnan gardens rarely use earth as mountains, even in modern parks. This is mostly because water is water and mountains are mountains. For example, the real landscapes in Guilin gardens are rarely modified.
Shui Lingnan gardens are of water nature, and the water can be organized into various patterns: first, the stone pools and waterfalls in the cliff waterfall pool structure, such as the hometown water and pool in the White Swan Hotel, and the three-tiered waterfall in the Guangzhou Villa Hotel. The second is the lake scenery, such as the West Lake in Huizhou, Chaozhou, Leizhou, Fuzhou and Quanzhou, Zhaoqing Xing Lake, Guangzhou Liuhua Lake, Dongshan Lake and Liwan Lake, etc.; the third is the pool, which is different from the cliff waterfall pool in that there is no waterfall and the water surface Wider, such as Longtan and Leitan in Liuzhou Longtan Park and Sun Moon Lake in Taiwan; the fourth is meandering water, such as Yunxi in Guangzhou Sculpture Park; the fifth is wells and springs, such as Lianquan and Tanquan in Guangzhou, Yufeng Park in Liuzhou The third sister's courtyard is the well railing, etc.; the sixth is a boat pool.
Stone Stone and marble are different from gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and the north. The stones include Guangxi lake stone, Guangdong yellow wax stone and Yingshi, southern Fujian granite, Hainan coral stone, Taiwan Guxi stone, etc. Lingnan marble is not stacked upward, but spread horizontally. It is divided into stone setting method, stone stacking method, wall hanging method and stone shaping method. The stone setting methods are yellow wax stone, lake stone and granite, which are divided into three methods: flat placing, riprap and buried stone.
The stone body is placed on the soil, as if it was thrown randomly, so it is thrown away, such as Camellia Park; the stone root is less than half buried in the soil, it is called flat placement, such as Huli Park; the stone root is more than half submerged in the soil, it is called buried stone. Such as Nanshan Temple. The rock pile method is mostly used for lake rocks or coral rocks, such as the Haijiao Stone Mountain in Zhongshan Park, Shantou, the Coral Stone Mountain of Wugong Temple in Haikou, and the Guchi Stone Mountain in Wuyuan, Taiwan. The stacking stone method is mainly used for wall-mounting of British stones, which is called the wall-hanging method. It has the most Lingnan charm, such as the Sandiequan of Guangzhou Hotel, and can be used outdoors and indoors. The former is like the wall mountain in the teahouse of Guangzhou Liuhua Lake Park, and the latter is like the white wall. The mountain wall in the stone room of Swan Hotel. The plastic stone method uses mortar and cement to imitate stone and saves stone. Almost all ancient cave explorations in children's play areas in modern parks use plastic stone. The best is the plastic drum stone in southern Fujian, such as Xiamen Nanhu Park.
In terms of building types, there are watchtowers, ship halls, covered bridges, etc. Watchtowers originated from blockhouses, such as Yaoshan Pavilion in Keyuan, Liufen Pavilion in Qinghui Garden and Yupei Tower in Liyuan; In addition to the stone boats that resemble Jiangnan gardens, there are also Lingnan boats, such as the purple cave boat in Baomo Garden, and the unique boat hall, which combines the living room with the floor, giving it a slightly boat-like feel. Most of them are used by rich ladies, so It is commonly known as Miss Building, such as Qinghui Garden and Yuyin Shanfang. The design of the pavilions is very irregular, and there are all kinds of strange things. Some are enclosed by cloisters and walls, or interspersed with angle beams and canons, or they are ethnic minority style, Russian style or Western European style. In classical gardens, bridges are often combined with corridors to form corridor-roofed stone arch bridges, such as Yuyin Shanfang as a typical example, as well as Fengyu Towers of ethnic minorities and cable bridges in mountainous areas.
In terms of combination methods, use "high-walled alleys" to combine building courtyards with multiple entrances and multiple courtyards, or use "connected rooms and mansions" to connect buildings and courtyards into one; in terms of single form , multiple high column foundations, wide eaves and corridors, thick walls, green tile roofs, pressed tiles, warped ridges, stained glass windows, brick carved windows, and gray plastic doors; in terms of decoration, the most typical ones are "three carvings and three sculptures" : Wood carving, brick carving, stone carving, pottery sculpture, clay sculpture, gray sculpture. In classical gardens, three carvings and three sculptures are scattered throughout the garden, on door heads, door couplets, window lintels, pedestals, table tops, cornices, eaves columns, moon beams, melon columns, sparrows, seats, railings, roof ridges, etc. Among them, The gray sculptures and brick carvings have the most Lingnan flavor, such as the "Suwu Shepherd" gray sculpture in Qinghui Garden and the brick-carved melon and fruit window in Banqiao Garden.
There are relatively few calligraphy and paintings in the Calligraphy and Painting Ancient Garden, and they are even less used in modern gardens, but there are also excellent works, such as the couplet on the back door of Xiaotaoyuan in Huizhou, "The lake is neither deep nor shallow, and the house is half brick and half pavilion"; Yu Yinshan The couplet on the door of the room reads "Three bows of room are red and the rain is sufficient, and the corner of the cloudy sky is deep with green clouds"; the couplet of the Haishan Fairy Pavilion in Liwan Lake Park is "The world of lotus flowers, the time of Lizi"; the couplet of Keyuan's invitation to the mountain pavilion is "The river lies across the front, and the bright moon goes straight in", The couplet of Keyuan Chuyuechi Pavilion "How can one live in a large house, how can one be willing to follow the tide"; the couplet of the main entrance "One hundred thousand people buy a neighbor and occupy more water, and half of the house is planted with flowers"; Four points of bamboo add seven points of bright moon, looking at a hundred steps of the Yangtze River from the five-step building and ten-step pavilion"; Huizhou West Lake six-ru pavilion couplet "not increasing, not decreasing, neither birth nor destruction, not enough and unclean, like a dream, like an illusion, like a bubble, like a shadow, like dew, like lightning "wait.
The plants are summarized in the horoscope of "flowers blooming all year round, tropical scenery". The characteristic trees include palms such as king palm, false betel nut, king palm, and wine bottle coconut; and vines such as firecracker, tuberose, wisteria, and acanthus. Rhododendron and pothos; there are shade-tolerant orchids, bananas, taros, ferns, sunflowers; and banyan trees, lychees, etc.
4. Lingnan Garden Culture
Lingnan garden culture has a culture that rises due to nature, and a culture that accumulates due to artificial factors. The former can be attributed to coastal culture and tropical culture, and the latter It can be summed up as Confucian culture and secular culture, hedonistic culture and commercial culture, open culture and inclusive culture, relegated culture and pragmatic culture. From nature to cultural aspects, such as the relationship between the high active surface and high column foundation of the building and waterlogging and moisture, the relationship between the gentle roof and the typhoon, the relationship between the wide verandah and the rain, the relationship between the high wall alley and the high temperature, The relationship between dragon-shaped, fish-shaped, aquatic plants, turtles, snakes, plantain themes and decoration, the relationship between plastic drum stones and sea bananas, the relationship between cliffs, waterfalls and pools and natural landscapes, etc. can be used to imitate the scenery of natural objects. , if there are any disadvantages or harmful effects, we should do everything possible to avoid them through design or turn them into advantages.
Yuan Confucian culture is the most incisive interpretation of Lingnan garden culture by Lingnan scholars. If the Confucianism of Jiangnan gardens and northern gardens is stronger, the Confucianism of Lingnan gardens is very weak. The disobedience and rebellion of Lingnan people away from the political center is reflected in the irregularity of the beams in classical garden buildings and the lack of attention to the literary and literary plaques in modern gardens. In addition, the traditions of the barbarian tribes who have long been in southern Xinjiang have created the Wu family culture, which is reflected in the gardens of the Qing Dynasty. The form of watchtowers and the "fat" facades and simple thick columns of modern gardens. In terms of taste, far-confucianism can be said to be vulgar, that is, secular culture. It is the mainstream of Lingnan culture. Especially after the late Qing Dynasty, politicians and bureaucrats in the north, literati and poets in Jiangnan, and wealthy merchants in Lingnan became the main creative subjects of the three major regional gardens. , the practicality of space and the integrated design of garden and house in Lingnan gardens are its manifestations.
The openness, compatibility and diversity of Lingnan gardens were first reflected in the comprehensive absorption of Central Plains garden culture by the royal gardens of South Vietnam. The two places in the north are completely different. In addition, there are Western European garden architecture such as Chen Jitang Mansion and Zhang Weili's Liyuan Garden, Russian garden architecture in Longyan Zhongshan Park, Western planning layouts of Caonuan Park and Yuntai Park, and a large number of Manchurian elements in classical gardens. Windows are open and compatible with expression.