All official positions and corresponding grades in the Tang Dynasty and explain the difference between genuine products and subordinate products?
The decision-making and execution institutions of political affairs in Tang Dynasty were Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu provinces. Generally speaking, Zhongshu Province is responsible for issuing imperial edicts. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was once called Neishu Province, Xitai Province, Fengge Province and Wei Zi Province, and its chief executive, Zhongshuling, usually served as an assistant minister and participated in the decision-making of military affairs. His subordinate assistant minister Zhongshu was the deputy of the book governor in the junior middle school of Tang Dynasty, and was appointed as the prime minister in the marquis of Wu. This situation became a routine after the Anshi Rebellion, so the assistant minister of Zhongshu was actually divorced from the daily affairs of Zhongshu Province.
The drafting of the most important imperial edict in Zhongshu Province was mainly undertaken by the Zhongshu Sheren in Tang Dynasty. Zhongshu * * * has 6 members and is also responsible for the secretarial affairs of the Premier's Meeting. Because the drafting of imperial edicts is of great significance, actually participating in the military requires not only high literary talent, but also good political talent. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the position of China Calligrapher, which was regarded as the highest position held by literary scholars. In addition, Zhongshu Province also set up two people to record the words and deeds of the emperor and the contents of the imperial edict; Appoint sixteen people to be responsible for the court etiquette and convey the imperial edict; There are two to six admonishers, namely, right riding a regular waiter, right admonishing a doctor, right filling a vacancy, and right gleaning, who criticize and make suggestions on state affairs.
Menxia Province was once called Dongtai, Luantai and Huangmen Province in the Tang Dynasty. Responsible for reviewing and refuting the imperial edict, that is, having the power to reply to the imperial edict and reject the official seal. In fact, this power was mainly exercised by provincial officials in the Tang Dynasty, and there were generally four people in the office. Assistant governors and assistant vice governors usually hold the post of prime minister. Although the imperial edicts were examined and signed as usual, they rarely exercised the right of criticism. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Hengli was appointed Assistant Minister of the Yellow Gate. "When I was at the door, I refuted a lot of things. At the beginning of Kaiyuan, Yao Chong was appointed as assistant minister of Wei Zi, and I recommended him as assistant minister of Wei Zi. In fact, I led it myself, and I was deprived of the right to correct my rebuttal. " It can be seen that the assistant minister's exercise of the right of refutation, because of his high status, has a certain inhibitory effect on the promulgation of imperial edicts in Zhongshu Province (Wei Zi Province), so that the governor of Zhongshu Province has to be cautious. Like Zhongshu Province, there are also admonishers in Xiamen Province, each with two to six people, including Zuo Chang Shi, Zuo Jian's doctor, Zuo Bu Kui, Zuo Shi Yi, etc., who are responsible for commenting and suggesting the gains and losses of the court's various decisions. In addition, corresponding to Zhongshu province, there are two living lang in Menxia province, who are responsible for the record of government affairs and the record of emperor's words and deeds and imperial edicts.
In order to facilitate decision-making activities, Zhongshu and Menxia provinces have also set up some subordinate institutions and official positions respectively. Among them, the most important ones are: the Jixian Temple Academy saved by Zhongshu and the Hong Wen Pavilion saved by the door. These two institutions have a large number of books, which have the nature of royal libraries and can be used for reference by emperors, prime ministers and other officials. The History Museum, which belongs to the province of Menxia at the beginning and the province of Zhongshu later, is responsible for the compilation of national history. Fu Baolang, who belongs to a province, is in charge of Jeff's various seals.
Shangshu Province was the highest administrative institution in the Tang Dynasty. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the governor of Shangshu Province was the prime minister, so Shangshu Province was both the decision-making body and the highest administrative body. However, in Tang Zhongzong, ministers and servants were excluded from the prime minister because of the redistribution of power within the imperial dynasty, so Shangshu Province became a pure imperial administrative agency. In the Tang dynasty, the general office of Shangshu Province was called "the governor's province" and "was in charge of the discipline and procedures of various departments". Responsible for reviewing, issuing and filing all kinds of documents in Shangshu Province, and guiding the work of six departments. The provincial affairs are in the charge of Shang Youcheng, Zuo you Si Langzhong and Yuan Wailang. After the Middle Tang Dynasty, officials of Shangshu Province became honorary titles awarded to ministers, and were not specifically responsible for the daily affairs of Shangshu Province.
There are six books on history, namely, officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers. Each department has four divisions, and * * * is the 24th division. The official department is mainly responsible for the selection, examination, knighthood and reward of officials; The Ministry is mainly responsible for household registration, land, taxation, warehousing and market exchange; The ritual department is mainly responsible for imperial examinations, etiquette and sacrifice; The Ministry of War is mainly responsible for the management and training of the army; The Ministry of Punishment is mainly responsible for prison and financial audit; The Ministry of Industry is mainly responsible for national civil engineering, land reclamation and water conservancy. The six ministers are ministers, the deputy ministers are assistant ministers, the ministers are doctors, and the deputy ministers are foreign ministers. The task of the 24 th Division of the Sixth Department of Shangshu Province is to inherit the imperial edicts issued by the highest decision-making groups, such as the emperor and the prime minister, formulate specific implementation decrees, and then issue them to the nine halls and five prisons of the imperial court and local, state and county governments for specific implementation. In addition, the six departments are also responsible for inspecting and handling the general administrative affairs reported by various government departments and local States to Shangshu Province. Therefore, the nine imperial temples of Taichang, Guanglu, Wei, Zong Zheng, Taifu, Dali, Crack, Sinong and Taifu, as well as the five prisons of Guo Zi, Shaofu, Qi Jun, Zuojiang and Dushui, are actually subordinate affairs institutions that accept instructions from Shangshu Province. As Su Mian, a historian in the Tang Dynasty, said, "Nine Monks and Three Supervisors ... are the divisions of kings, guarded by diligent people to serve the Ministry, and ministers approve old chapters to grant them. The name of the temple owner is Qing, and the number is Jiuqing; Deputy principal and process. The chief of imperial academy is called the wine sacrifice; The water chief is called the special envoy; The officers of Shaofu, Jiangzuo and Qi Jun are all called the army supervisors. The functions and powers of the Nine Monasteries and Five Supervisors are inherited from the Six Departments of Shangshu Province, and have a generally fixed corresponding relationship with them. According to the story of the Tang Dynasty, if all ministries, envoys and state capitals in the world have something to do, people who apply for provincial orders will apply to the provincial departments for arbitration first, and then implement them. The four divisions here refer to the nine halls, the prison and the bathroom, and the provincial division refers to the twenty-four divisions of the six departments of Shangshu Province. This shows that Shangshu Province played an important role in the national administrative system in the early Tang Dynasty.
In order to make the official system work effectively and normally, besides establishing various systems related to decision-making and administrative institutions, it is also necessary to effectively supervise and restrict officials at all levels. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty inherited the system of the previous generation, and set up an imperial history desk to supervise administrative organs at all levels to implement state laws and regulations, and to correct and impeach officials who violated court regulations, that is, "to punish hundreds of officials with criminal laws and regulations." In the Tang Dynasty, the chief of Yushitai was Yushitai, and the deputy chief was Zhongcheng. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the imperial censor had a lofty position and was not often set up, so the imperial censor became the actual imperial censor.
The subordinate institutions of Yushitai are Taiyuan, Dianyuan and Chayuan, respectively, and are held by Yushitai Consultant, Dianzhong Yushi Consultant and Supervision Yushi Consultant, collectively referred to as the Yushi Consultant of the Third Academy. According to the regulations of the Tang Dynasty, there are four counselors whose main duties are to picket and impeach hundreds of officials, and to participate in the trial of major cases, one of whom is the oldest, and also to handle the daily affairs inside the advice desk. There are six counselors in the temple, who are mainly responsible for the order of officials who appear before the emperor, and are responsible for the left and right patrols of the capital and the extra-legal pickets in the jurisdiction. There are ten supervisors in the suggestion, who are mainly responsible for "guarding the hundred guards, patrolling the county, correcting prisons and cleaning up courtiers", with more responsibilities. However, as far as the main responsibility of monitoring the imperial history is concerned, it is most important to observe and patrol separately. The so-called sub-inspection refers to the supervision of the six departments of Shangshu Province, and can attend the meetings of Shangshu Province as nonvoting delegates. Sub-patrol is to send envoys to inspect local counties and counties, and record and report the "chief political style, disease, flood and drought" one by one. Judging from the functions and powers of Yushitai, although it is very complicated, its main responsibility is still to supervise the whole official system and impeach illegal officials.
In the official system of the Tang Dynasty, Zhongshu and Menxia provinces, together with the six departments of Shangshu Province, nine halls and five prisons, and Yushitai, formed a complete system of policy decision-making, implementation and supervision, and were the core institutions of the Tang Dynasty. In addition to these core institutions, there are a series of auxiliary institutions, mostly royal court institutions, which directly serve the royal court. It mainly includes secretaries, officials from central Yunnan and civil history provinces, and officials from the East Palace. Although the first three institutions are also called "provinces", their status is actually equivalent to that of the temple supervisor, and their chief officers are also called "supervisors" and their deputy chiefs are called "less supervisors".
The Ministry of Secretariat is responsible for the archives of the Royal Library. In order to save trouble, in addition to the official positions of supervisor, sub-supervisor and Cheng, a secretary lang was also appointed to copy and keep the four books of the Royal Classics and History Subsets, and a proofreader lang was responsible for the proofreading of the classics. In addition, the Taishi Bureau (also known as the Four Rooftops), which is responsible for astronomical calendars, was once under the jurisdiction of the Secretary Province. There are six bureaus of food, medicine, clothing, government, riding and chariot in the palace province, which are responsible for the emperor's food, clothing, housing and transportation and medicine. The Ministry of Internal Affairs is the administrative body of court eunuchs and maids. The East Palace official is a subordinate court institution of the Crown Prince, and its setting imitates the structure of the imperial court: its prince's sexual affairs, Taifu and Taibao (collectively referred to as "Three Tais") and princes Shao Shi, Shaofu and Shaobao (collectively referred to as "Three Shaos") are the tutors of the prince, and the guests of the prince are appointed as the attendants of the prince, with no specific duties. Set up Zhan Fu, in charge of officials and political affairs in the East Palace, which is equivalent to the six departments of Zhongshumen and Shangshu Province. Zuo Chunfang is responsible for admonishing the attendants' rules, which is equivalent to the position of the provincial government, and You Chunfang is responsible for opening documents, which is equivalent to the position of the provincial government. In addition, Zuo Chunfang also has a Chongwen Pavilion, which is in charge of books and classics; The Economic and Trade Bureau is responsible for the history of the school magazine; The catering bureau, the drug storage bureau, the internal direct bureau, the catering bureau and the official door bureau are responsible for the food, clothing, housing and transportation of the prince. These institutions generally correspond to Hong Wen Pavilion, Secretariat Province and Temple Province. In addition, there are three halls in the East Palace, namely Jialing Hall, Linggeng Hall and Servant Hall, which are responsible for the implementation of the specific affairs of the East Palace and correspond to the nine halls and five prisons. Although there are many official posts in the East Palace, most of them are idle posts.
In addition to the civil service system, there was also the military attache system in the Tang Dynasty. Due to the implementation of the military system in the early Tang Dynasty, the court established the Sixteen Guards. The name of Sixteen Guards changed greatly in the early Tang Dynasty. By the early Tang Dynasty, it was generally fixed as left-right guards, left-right guards, left-right guards, left-right guards, left-right guards, left-right guards, left-right guards, left-right guards, left-right guards. Among them, the first twelve guards are in charge of the government soldiers, and only the last four guards are not in charge of the government soldiers, but are responsible for the guards of the capital and palaces and the personal guards of the emperor. Each guard is commanded by a general and two generals, with a long history, and there are clerks responsible for the daily affairs of each guard. Four Cao Cao's, Cang, Bing, Qi and Zhou, are responsible for specific affairs such as salary, supplies, performance appraisal, accommodation, horses and weapons. Sixteen guards are directly under the emperor, but they have no power to transfer troops. When it is necessary to go out to war, it is generally agreed by the emperor and the prime minister to issue letters to the Ministry of War, which will then sign a contract and send troops to various folding houses or counties together with the letters. In addition to the sixteen guards, the officials of the East Palace also set up a ten-rate government, each with an official and one or two deputies in charge, and managed a certain number of government soldiers as the guards of the prince. The Sixteen Guards are always called Zhu Wei in South Asia, because their offices are in the imperial city south of Chang 'an and Luoyang.
In Tang Gaozong, the Imperial Army of Beiya, which developed from the Imperial Army of Xuanwu Gate in the North Gate of Miyagi, began to rise, gradually replacing the function of Nanya as a bodyguard. Due to the abandonment of the military system of the government, Nanya Zhu Wei gradually became a leisure division, and its chief generals and generals also became the ranks of military attaché s, no longer having actual power.
The first imperial army of the North yamen is the left and right feather guards, the left and right long Wu Jun is located in Xuanzong, and the left and right SHEN WOO Army is located in Suzong. Together, they are called the Sixth Army of the North Yamen, with one general and three generals. In Tang Daizong, Shence Army was brought into the imperial ranks of northern officials, and Dezong was commanded by eunuchs and served as the lieutenant of the guard army. Therefore, the Shence Army developed rapidly, surpassing the Sixth Army of Beiguan. In the late Tang Dynasty, the rank of generals and generals in the Sixth Army of North Asia gradually changed to the rank of military attache, but actually there was no military power.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the local administrative system adopted the state and county two-level system. In the middle Tang Dynasty, it evolved into a three-level system of Dao, Zhou and County, and at the same time, a new second-level administrative region, Fu, appeared.
The state governor is the secretariat, and his subordinate staff mainly includes assistants, judges and clerks to join the army. Shang Fu refers to Chang Shi and Sima, who have no specific responsibilities to assist the secretariat in handling state affairs, but often become redundant officials. Therefore, Zhongzhou and Xiazhou in the late Tang Dynasty generally did not serve as assistants. Examining officials refer to Sigong, Sisang, Hu Si, Sibing, Judicature and Hughes who participated in the army, corresponding to the six departments of Shangshu Province in the imperial court, and are specifically responsible for the examination of state officials, etiquette, taxation, warehouse, household registration, job posting, prison, water conservancy project financing and other aspects. The clerk who joined the army is responsible for supervising the promotion of the six Cao officials in the state, which is equivalent to the duties of the suggestion and history. In addition, the state officials in the Tang Dynasty also included doctors of classics, doctors of medicine and municipal officials, who were in charge of schools, medicine and market transactions.
In the Tang Dynasty, the county magistrate was the county magistrate, and Xian Cheng, Jun Bo and County Commandant were the main aides. Xian cheng is the deputy of the county magistrate, equivalent to the state help; The main book is responsible for inspecting and supervising officials, which is equivalent to the state collectors joining the army; County commandant is responsible for the officials in charge of Cao and chasing thieves, which is equivalent to state officials. In the 28th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (740), there were 328 states and 1573 counties in China, which shows the huge local official system in the Tang Dynasty.
With the development of time, some changes have taken place in the local administrative institutions in the Tang Dynasty, mainly the appearance of official roads. In the Tang Dynasty, Kyoto and the states that used to be the capital were called counties to show the importance of their status. The government official is the same as the state official, but the name has changed slightly. For example, the chief officer is changed to Yin, and the deputy chief officer is changed to Shao Yin. In addition, the Duhu government has been set up in the border areas to govern the vast border areas. The officials of Duhufu are the same as the state capital, only its chief is called Duhufu and its deputy is Duhufu.
In the early Tang Dynasty, pottery was the prison area. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Emperor Taizong "divided the world into ten roads because of the shape of mountains and rivers". From time to time, the emperor sent inspectors or reporters to patrol the roads, monitor local officials and learn about the situation in various places. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty "divided into fifteen roads because of ten roads, served as an interviewer, and inspected the history of the Han Dynasty". In the late Tang Dynasty, Tao officials generally served as our envoys, with military power and greater power, forming square towns of different sizes. The administrative area under the jurisdiction of each town is also called Dao, and there are 47 such Dao in Yuanhe, Tang Xianzong. As Hong Mai, a Song Dynasty man, pointed out: "In the Tang Dynasty, provincial judges were set up in various provinces, and later they were changed to receive punishment and ruled in the big counties under his command. It has been changed into an observer, and it has a place to travel, which is to set our time. The world is divided into more than forty roads, with more than ten States as the largest and two or three States as the smallest, but we must visit good and evil and outline them. But the military armor, wealth and folk customs are all things, also known as the county government, and power is overwhelming. " Dao's subordinates are composed of a large number of curtain officials, such as deputy envoys, marching Sima, provincial judges, envoys, secretaries in charge, officials pushing, inspectors and officials pushing.
Following the Sui system in the Tang Dynasty, officials were divided into nine grades, each of which was divided into positive and subordinate grades, and * * * was eighteen grades. Civil servants are below the four standards, and officers are below the three standards, which are also divided into two levels. So there were actually 30 civil servants and 32 military attaché s in the Tang Dynasty. These ranks are always called officials in ranks, and they are official civil and military officials. In addition, there are nine outflow products, which actually belong to officials, not to the official scope of officials. The official titles of scattered officials roughly correspond to their ranks, indicating that their status and seniority are promotion sequences.