How many years was Yuanmingyuan built?
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Ming Garden is a treasure of Chinese garden art.. It has the reputation of "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens", which means that there are all kinds of gardens here. Indeed, if today is the same as it was 14 years ago, this super-giant garden is a well-deserved "king of world gardens". She was originally an unparalleled royal garden in the Qing Dynasty. Construction began in 179 and was basically completed in 189, which lasted for a century. Since then, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng generations have been repaired and expanded repeatedly, which lasted for more than 15 years. What people used to call Yuanmingyuan is actually composed of Yuanming, Changchun and Qichun (later renamed "Wanchun"), with a total area of 347 hectares. Its land is 1, square meters more than the Forbidden City in floor-area ratio, and its periphery is about 1 kilometers. The water area is equal to a Summer Palace. The three gardens are separated by walls; In front of it is Wanchun Garden, and behind it are two parallel gardens, Yuanmingyuan on the left and Changchun Garden on the right. Yuanmingyuan is a waterscape garden, the water surface accounts for more than half of the whole garden area, and some landscapes are named directly with water as the theme. Surrounded by mountains and water, there are more than 14 scenic spots, which gather the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, integrate the essence of ancient Chinese gardening art, and melt poetry and painting into ever-changing scenes with the artistic techniques of gardens in gardens. Among them, more than 5 scenic spots directly imitate the scenic spots of famous gardens in other places, such as "Autumn Moon in Pinghu", "Chunxiao in Su Causeway", "Moon in Three Tans" and "Wind Lotus in Quyuan", all of which come from the Ten Scenes of West Lake in Hangzhou, not only imitating the architecture, but also copying the names. There are also "Wuling Spring Scenery" imitating Peach Blossom Garden, "Xifeng Beauty" imitating Lushan Mountain, "Stone Labyrinth" imitating Lion Forest, "Ruyuan" imitating Zhanyuan Garden, and "Zhao He Deng" imitating the crane pavilion in Gushan Mountain, etc., which bring together the essence of countless world scenic spots and famous gardens. There is also a western-style garden scenic spot in Yuanmingyuan. The most famous "water watching method" is a western fountain, a labyrinth of flowers and a western building, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of the city of Venice in Fanghe River, where the emperor can enjoy the "Watertown Scenery" outside Wan Li. Yuanmingyuan not only has exquisite furnishings and decorations, but also collects and displays rare treasures, cultural relics, celebrity calligraphy and painting, secret house classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and rare cultural relics in China, which concentrates the essence of ancient culture. In 186 and 19, Yuanmingyuan Garden was looted and burned by the British and French allied forces and Eight-Nation Alliance.
On October 18th, 186, the British and French allied forces began to burn the world-famous imperial garden of the Qing Dynasty-Yuanmingyuan.
In the autumn wind in October, we can't help feeling the beauty of the classical gardens in Yuanmingyuan, a model of garden art in the western suburbs. As the British chaplain said in those days, "You must have a poet, painter, art connoisseur, China scholar and other talented people to describe the landscape and give you a little idea ..." The tragic ruins left after the robbery ushered in countless mourners in the 2th century, which triggered people's reverie.
- Hugo, a French writer, praised the garden as a miracle of oriental art
The western suburbs of Beijing are picturesque, with not only green mountains and mountains stretching for hundreds of miles, but also flowing springs in the mountains flowing directly into the southeast plain, merging into the famous Kunming Lake and other rivers and lakes. Rulers who built their capital in Beijing from Liao and Jin dynasties to Ming dynasty have successively established many proud manuscripts here. 4 holding a pen? Than shin temminick? Mu? Is it comfortable? ቲ쌘笥笥笥笥笥笥笥? Idle? Again? Oil? What's the point? What's the point? ㄖ? Unfortunately, I am not interested in its science and technology culture), so I am determined to integrate the world's beautiful scenery into the Royal Yuanmingyuan.
Yuanmingyuan was built in 179 and burned down in 186, and operated for 151 years. Several generations of Qing emperors spent a lot of money and material resources in the world to build this unprecedented royal garden. The garden consists of Yuanmingyuan Garden, Wanchun Garden and Changchun Garden, so it is also called Yuanming Garden. The total area of the three gardens is 52 mu, which is 85 mu larger than the Summer Palace, the largest existing royal garden. The garden has a perimeter of more than 1 kilometers and a construction area of 16, square meters, which is equivalent to the construction area of Beijing Palace. There are more than 1 scenic spots in the three parks, and countless terraces, halls, pavilions and pavilions are surrounded by mountains and waters.
The Yuanmingyuan has inherited the excellent gardening art of China in the past dynasties, gathered the scenic spots of famous gardens all over the country, and boldly absorbed western architectural forms, resulting in a group of "western buildings" combining Chinese and western styles. China gardens can be called a mixed form of landscape and architecture, which is not only different from western gardens that focus on architecture, but also different from Japanese gardens that focus on landscape. Yuanmingyuan has three gardening styles: Chinese, Japanese and Western Europe. Its reputation has already spread to the west, and it is as famous as the Palace of Versailles in France, and is known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". There are also many rare books, celebrity calligraphy and painting, Ding Yi ritual vessels, golden beads and bronze and porcelain antiques in the park, which is one of the treasures of human culture. Hugo, a famous French writer, once described it in a letter to Captain butler: "In a certain corner of the world, there is a world miracle. This miracle is called Yuanmingyuan. Art comes from two sources: one is ideal, which produces European art; One is fantasy, which produces oriental art. The position of Yuanmingyuan in fantasy art is just like that of Parthenon in ideal art.
- In order to frighten the Qing emperor, the British and French allied forces burned the whole garden after the robbery.
When people come to the site of Yuanmingyuan today, all they can see is the faintly discernible stone foundation, tortuous waterways and paths. Only a few pillars of Dashuifa and Yuanyingguan are still standing there, overlooking the ruins and tiles, like a monument.
it was the British and French allied forces that caused this catastrophe. Hugo, a French writer, once angrily condemned this atrocity made by his country and Britain, saying, "On the judgment bench of history, one robber is called France and the other is called English."
after the British invaders launched the Opium War in 184 and opened the door to China, they demanded to open more concessions and send envoys to Beijing. However, the second Opium War was launched in 1857, and Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's ruling France also sent troops to join in order to divide the spoils. In September, 186, the British-French allied forces that landed in Tianjin advanced on the gates of Beijing, and Emperor Xianfeng fled to chengde mountain resort, leaving tens of thousands of defenders to retreat within the city wall (that is, within the present Second Ring Road), leaving the suburbs to be plundered by the invading army. On October 6, the British and French allied forces rushed into Yuanmingyuan, and a small number of Qing soldiers with knives and spears were defeated in the first world war, so the minister of garden protection had to throw himself into the water. Seeing the magnificent palace gardens, the dazzling invading army immediately began to plunder crazily. Then, the allied command issued a notice that it was possible to "rob freely". More than 1, British and French officers and men came and went, scrambling to enter the park, and all returned with full loads.
After several days of looting, the British exclusive power Erjin proposed: "Only the burning of Yuanmingyuan is the most feasible ... This will make the Emperor China have the greatest shock." British Prime Minister David Palmer not only agreed to this, but also said, "I will be very happy if the Beijing Palace is treated in the same way." A planned and greater atrocity began.
On October 18th, a disastrous day in the history of the modern Chinese nation, 3,5 British soldiers entered the Yuanmingyuan again with torches and lit them everywhere. More than 3 eunuchs, ladies-in-waiting and craftsmen in the garden were buried in the sea of fire. The huge palace rose in flames for three days, and the smoke and moon continued. It can really be said that "a torch destroys a famous garden, leaving a trace of hatred in the mountains and rivers through the ages."
After the Yuanmingyuan was burned down, the British and French allied forces threatened the Qing court, and if they didn't give in, they would break into the city and burn down the palace. The corrupt and incompetent Manchu rulers immediately signed the "Beijing Treaty" to cede land for compensation, in exchange for the invaders to retreat.
- The Westernization Movement appeared after the disaster in Yuanmingyuan, which brought about national awakening and progress.
From a cultural point of view, the destruction of Yuanmingyuan is an unprecedented tragedy in the history of human civilization. From the historical process, this tragic disaster of being beaten behind shocked the knowledgeable people in China. In 1861, the year after the disaster, the Westernization Movement, which learned to introduce foreign advanced technology, began to be established. However, due to heavy resistance, the goal of "self-improvement" of the country was delayed, and the Yuanmingyuan itself and even the whole of Beijing and China continued to suffer.
After the British and French allied forces burned Yuanmingyuan, it can be seen from the photos that most of the building remains are still relatively complete. For more than 3 years, the Qing court still regarded it as a forbidden garden under heavy guard, and carried out a series of restoration projects. Emperors Tongzhi and Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi often visited it. Just because of internal troubles and foreign invasion, the Qing court was short of financial resources, so it could only misappropriate naval funds to build the Summer Palace and was unable to take care of it.
In p>19, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and not only the Summer Palace was looted (later restored in 193), but also the site of Yuanmingyuan was completely destroyed. Due to the escape of the garden management organization, idle flag soldiers and rogue vagrants in the park started to steal building materials. In the years of the Republic of China, the ruins were even more unattended. Warlords of various factions and even many rich people came here to carry stones to build tombs and repair gardens. In the past 2 or 2 years, there was an endless stream of stolen carriages almost every day, and the remnant garden became a "stone yard". It was not until the founding of New China that the site of Yuanmingyuan was protected, and in recent years it has been restored to some extent.
Sadly, the cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan looted by the invaders have been exhibited and sold in European and American markets for a long time. Until 1987, there were reports of auction of Yuanmingyuan fountain clock and other objects in new york market. Ruthless facts show that the Chinese people, the so-called "western civilization" communicators, are so barbaric in China land. The disaster in Yuanmingyuan has also aroused the self-esteem and sense of self-improvement of countless Chinese sons and daughters, trying to get rid of the status of being discriminated against by the West and stand on their own feet among the nations of the world.
If you travel through time tunnel, people will see countless splendid palaces, from the Hanging Gardens in Babylon to the Palace of Qin Epang, and you can also witness the flames that burn to ashes again and again sadly. The buildings that run out of people's fat and people's cream circulate with the destruction of war, which constitutes a burning scene on the historical stage. I believe that with the progress of human civilization, this difficult and fragile cycle will end, and all the magnificent achievements of civilization will be left intact to future generations.