People from Yongjia, please come in (Nanxi Jianggengdu Culture)
Farming and reading culture
"The first class of people is loyal ministers and filial sons, the two things are reading and farming." Farming and studying culture is an indispensable part of the culture of Nanxijiang ancient village, or it can be said that it is unrealistic and unimaginable to talk about the culture of Nanxijiang ancient village without farming and studying culture. The buildings in the existing ancient villages on the Nanxi River are very simple and natural, almost all made of plain wood, wild stone, and pink-walled blue bricks. However, they are full of wild charm, focus on natural beauty, are derived from nature, but are higher than nature; although they are made by humans The work is like opening from the sky, cleverly combining artificial beauty, artistic beauty and natural beauty, adding a moving charm to Nanxi River, a national scenic spot. This kind of architectural style and materials reflect the villagers' pursuit of culture and love for nature along the Nanxi River. It also reflects their strong ecological environmental awareness and humanitarian thoughts. As an ideal for literati in the early days of life, farming and studying originated from seclusion. It is the personality structure of Confucian "retreat and be alone" and Taoist "return to nature". It has high moral value in traditional Chinese culture, which means nobility and detachment. , is the edifying sustenance of the intellectual class of ancient scholars. In particular, Taoist thought, represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi, seems to have a stronger romantic color in advocating nature, pursuing emptiness and tranquility, escaping reality and yearning for a life in a primitive natural state. Influenced by the teachings of Confucius, Mencius and Zhuangzi, people in the past dynasties of Nanxi River attached great importance to the education of rituals and music. At the same time, the two great migrations of population from north to south in the Jin and Song Dynasties caused many highly educated officials to move to Nanxi and build villages here. , choose a place to settle, and he hopes that his descendants can continue to be "students, scholars, officials, and honor their ancestors." "Reading can make you proud, farming can make you rich" has become the tradition of their clan and has been passed down from generation to generation. It is difficult to confirm when the farming and reading life first originated, but one thing is certain. It is not unrelated to the ancient Chinese thinking of "thickening the foundation and suppressing the weak" or "emphasis on agriculture and light on business". Because some scholars were in the officialdom, they could not help themselves, and when they saw the corruption of the court and the darkness of the officialdom, they were much like Qu Yuan's cynical sigh of "Everyone is turbulent, but I am alone, and everyone is drunk, but I am sober." In the middle, it will naturally be released outside. They do not want to join in with corrupt officials, and they do not want to live a life of "luxury, luxury and boredom". At that time, in the circle of scholar-bureaucrats, most of them were not proud of their high official positions and wealth. Many scholars and scholars took refuge in the dust and folk customs, traveling around famous mountains and rivers to express their love for the mountains and rivers. What's more, some even hid in the mountains and lived in seclusion. Life. At the same time, they did not want to commit suicide and die, so they had the idea of retiring to the mountains and forests. Due to the low status of the industrial and commercial workers, the arrogant and arrogant scholars could not stoop to cater to them, so they worked hard in the fields and lived a leisurely life. , a life without fighting against the world. Plant a few acres of thin fields, raise flowers and grass, swim in the mountains and rivers, recite poems and express your temperament. In fact, "cultivating" seems to be just symbolic. Very few scholars did the plowing themselves. They just paid attention to the mountains and rivers, recited poems and poems among the green mountains and beautiful waters, and cultivated their moral character. This kind of farming and studying life is just a symbolic farming and studying life. However, no matter what, they tried their best to create a quiet and elegant taste, romantic and elegant style and simple temperament and sentiment unique to literati in village planning and architecture. In the green mountains and beautiful waters of Nanxi, villages have been created one after another that are elegant and full of rural charm. In the Song Dynasty, the farming and reading culture was transformed and strengthened due to the evolution of the imperial examination system. The imperial examination system originated in the Sui Dynasty and developed in the Tang Dynasty. It was originally established by the imperial court to select officials and open subjects to recruit scholars. However, its implementation indirectly increased the enthusiasm of scholars from all over the country to learn culture, and then popularized culture. The Song Dynasty expanded the number of imperial examinations and improved examination methods. Coupled with the prevalence of movable type printing, several imperial examination policies of Emperor Renzong of Beizong strongly promoted the development of farming and reading culture: First, it was stipulated that scholars must be in their own country. The rural students should take examinations, so that various schools can be established in various places; secondly, the number of Jinshi in each subject is stipulated for the southern provinces; thirdly, it is stipulated that neither businessmen nor their children can participate in the imperial examinations, and only Scholars and farmers' children participated, which greatly stimulated the interest of ordinary people in the imperial examination and becoming officials. Even farmers' children also saw the hope of studying and becoming officials and shining brightly.
It is necessary to give a brief introduction to Xikou Daishi here. According to historical records, the ancestors of the Dai family in Xikou Village moved from Fujian to Xianju, Taizhou. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the founder Dai Shu went to Yongjia to teach. In the third year of Yuanfu, he became a Jinshi. He and his younger brother Dai Xun studied from Ercheng, and became famous for Neo-Confucianism. "Two wears". During the Jiading period of the Southern Song Dynasty, Dai Xu, the son of Dai Shu, tried to learn from Ye Shi and became a Jinshi. His works include "The Five Classics", "The Debate of Zhuzi", "Dongduolue", etc.; in the fifth year of Chunxi, Dai Xun's son Dai He was a Jinshi in the examination of Xi, and was transferred from Fanliu, a doctor in the Ministry of Rites, to the prince Zhan Shi, who also served as secretary-supervisor... Shangshu of the Ministry of Power and Industry, in addition to the bachelor of Wenhua Pavilion, he was awarded the bachelor of Duanming Palace after his death, and was given the posthumous title Wenduan. Prince Jingxian personally wrote the "Ming Jing" on a plaque in his hall, and there is also the "Min Yin Collection". In the Gengshu year of Shaoxi, Dai Meng, the son of Dai Xi's younger brother Dai Guinian, who studied under Zhu Xi in Wuyi, passed the Jinshi examination. In the Xinchou year of Chunyou, Dai Meng's second son Dai Tong became a filial piety scholar. In order to flaunt this great event of great fame, the Dai family inscribed a couplet in the Dai family's ancestral hall in Xikou: "Entering the Zhumen of Cheng Dynasty, they played repeatedly the origins of Xun Neo-Confucianism and the two threads; it was also known as the first and sixth Dengqi of Zou Luchun Palace during the Southern and Northern Song Dynasties." It is worth mentioning that according to Qianlong's "Yongjia County Chronicle", when Zhu Xi, the famous Neo-Confucian master, was in charge of the Changping Salt Tea Office on Liangzhe East Road, he visited scholars from all over the Nanxi River. "Liu Yu (Liu Jinzhi)" of the world, and said: "Passing Nanxi without recognizing Liu Jinzhi is like passing by Dongting without recognizing oranges." Unfortunately, I didn't meet him. Then, he went to Xie'ao to visit Xie Fuking, and then visited Dai Meng and Dai Dong in Xikou and Li Shijing in Pengxi Village. Nanxi River is located in a remote place, but it maintains such a close connection with the mainstream culture of the time. It is rare for the academic culture in the Nanxi River Basin to attract a generation of Neo-Confucian masters to search for it. However, although there are countless rural intellectuals cultivated by Nanxijiang's farming and reading culture, only a handful of them succeed in the examination room, and even fewer of them become a generation of scholars. Most of the retired field scholars stayed in the villages and worked with county officials to implement feudal ethical education in the countryside. "The plains are sunny and beautiful, and the benevolent and graceful people are many." Some of these "juniors" "have no ears to hear what is happening outside the window and concentrate on reading the books of sages", leading a secluded life isolated from the world, writing biographies, and enjoying themselves, while others travel around the mountains and rivers of Yongjia and make friends. , reciting poems and writing poems, they are free and at ease; some study Kanyu Feng Shui, help their neighbors see the dragon veins, determine yin and yang, and choose Feng Shui, or write couplets for others, or set up private schools to recruit apprentices to teach and tutor; some participate in the revision of family genealogies. Editor, holds the power of the clan... there are many details. Huatan Zhenxi's Genealogy of the Zhu Family, titled "Preface to Poems on the Scenery under the Corridor," said, "There are many talented people in this town, most of whom are talented and elegant. They feel like meeting each other in ancient times. His style can be said to be gentle and elegant, and he is a man of many talents in the wild." Rural scholars have become role models for the rural areas of Nanxi River in past dynasties and have a direct impact on rural affairs. However, the rural intellectuals in Nanxijiang have both Confucianism and Taoism. According to Confucian ideals, they enter temples and retreat to mountains and forests. However, when they are among mountains and rivers, their lives are extremely indifferent and comfortable, full of the Taoist ideological realm of "returning to nature." Their thoughts are reflected in the architecture of the ancient village of Nanxijiang River, making the ancient buildings of Nanxijiang River appear particularly friendly, natural and full of human touch. The dual thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism reflected in the ancient village architecture are particularly obvious in Cangpo Village. Cangpo Village was built based on the Four Treasures of the Study, which is obviously a reflection of Confucianism. The idea of "using water to overcome fire" in building the east and west inkstone pools based on "yin and yang, five elements, the unity of nature and man" is obviously influenced by Taoism and folk opinion. , this cannot but be said to be an intriguing feature of the architecture of Nanxijiang Ancient Village. The confluence of the three religions "Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism" was the masterpiece of Tao Hongjing, the "mountain prime minister" during the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. It was explained and developed by the Neo-Confucianism of Er Cheng and Zhu Xi in the Song Dynasty, and this "confluence" is reflected in the architecture of the ancient village of Nanxi River. The idea of "Confucianism and Taoism" is probably the crystallization and wisdom of the working people of ancient Nanxi River. It also reflects the strong environmental awareness and unique aesthetic concepts of ancient Nanxi people.