I am urgently looking for a summary of the knowledge points of the three compulsory courses of geography, history and politics in the first year of high school.

Compulsory Part (Grade 1) Chapter 1 Planet Earth §1 The Earth in the Universe 1. Celestial System Level: Extragalactic Galaxy ← Total Galaxy → Milky Way → Solar System → Earth-Moon System 2. The distance to the sun in the solar system The eight distant planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 3. Because there are living things on the earth, the earth is a special planet. 4. Basic conditions for the production of life on the earth: External conditions include stable illumination from the sun and safe orbit of the earth; internal conditions: (1) The earth has a moderate mass and volume, so there is an atmosphere suitable for living things to breathe around the earth; (2) Due to the moderate distance between the sun and the earth and the weakening and insulation effects of the earth's atmosphere, the earth has a moderate temperature; (3) There is liquid water on the earth (which can form oceans). §2 The influence of the sun on the earth 1. Solar radiation is the earth’s main energy source. It can maintain the surface temperature and is the main driving force for promoting the activities and changes of water, atmosphere, and biological activities on the earth. It can affect human production and life and provide Fossil fuels such as coal and oil can also be converted into other forms of energy through artificial transformation. 2. Signs of solar activity include sunspots and flares. When solar activity is relatively intense, magnetic storms and aurora phenomena can form, causing short-wave radio communication interruptions, and can induce natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and earthquakes. §3 Movement of the Earth 1. The rotation direction of the Earth is from west to east. If the sun is used as the reference object, its rotation period is approximately 24 hours, which is called a solar day; if a star far away from the earth is used as the reference object, the rotation period is approximately 24 hours. It is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds, which is called a sidereal day. 2. The Earth's revolution direction is from west to east, and its revolution period is approximately 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 10 seconds, which is called a sidereal year. 3. Due to the rotation of the earth, (1) the phenomenon of day and night replacement is formed; (2) when different places appear at different longitudes, that is, the time in the east is earlier than the time in the west; (3) the geostrophic deflection force is formed, that is, An object moving horizontally will deflect to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. 4. Draw the direct light and dusk line in the blank picture, mark the direct point and the night hemisphere, and indicate the direction of the earth's rotation. 5. The angle between the earth's revolution and rotation orbit is called the yellow-red angle, and its size is 23°26′. 6. Due to the existence of the yellow-red angle, the north-south movement of the direct sun point occurs, as well as changes in the length of day and night, changes in the altitude angle of the sun at noon, changes in the four seasons, etc. 7. The north-south movement of the direct sun point: June 22 (solar term: summer solstice), the direct sun point is at the Tropic of Cancer; September 23 (solar term: autumnal equinox), the direct sun point is at the equator; December 22 (solar term: autumnal equinox) : Winter Solstice), the direct point of the sun is located at the Tropic of Capricorn; March 21 (Solar term: Vernal Equinox), the direct point of the sun is located at the equator; The period of the direct point of the sun moving north to south: approximately 365 days, 5 hours, 48 ​​minutes and 46 seconds, which is called a Year of return. 8. Draw the direction of the earth's rotation and revolution at the appropriate location on the picture, and determine the date of each point. 9. The changing rules of day and night length: (1) The day becomes longer as you go north on the summer solstice, and polar day appears in the Arctic Circle and north of it. , polar night occurs at and south of the Antarctic Circle; on the winter solstice, the day becomes shorter as you move northward, polar day occurs at and south of the Antarctic Circle, and polar night occurs at and north of the Arctic Circle; on the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, day and night are of equal length around the world. (2) The northern hemisphere has the longest day length on the summer solstice and the shortest day length on the winter solstice; the southern hemisphere has the longest day length on the winter solstice and the shortest day length on the summer solstice; at the equator, day and night are of equal length throughout the year. 10. The change pattern of the solar altitude angle at noon: (1) The distribution pattern of the solar altitude angle at noon on the summer solstice: gradually decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south sides; the distribution pattern of the solar altitude angle at noon on the winter solstice: gradually decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south sides; The distribution pattern of the solar altitude angle at noon on the vernal and autumnal equinoxes: it gradually decreases from the equator to the north and south sides; (2) On the summer solstice, the solar altitude angle at noon reaches the maximum value in the year in the Tropic of Cancer and its north, and reaches the minimum value in the year. is in the Southern Hemisphere; on the winter solstice, the solar altitude reaches its maximum value in a year in the Tropic of Capricorn and its south, and in the northern hemisphere, where it reaches its minimum value in a year; in the spring and autumn equinoxes, the solar altitude reaches its maximum value in the year at the equator . §4 Earth’s sphere structure 1. The Earth’s inner sphere includes the crust, mantle, and core; the Earth’s outer sphere includes the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. 2. In the figure, 1 represents the crust, 2 represents the mantle, 3 represents the core, A represents the Moho surface, and B represents the Gutenberg surface. 3. The lithosphere includes the part above the asthenosphere, that is, the top of the crust and the upper mantle. 4. The hydrosphere is a continuous and irregular circle. Chapter 2 The Earth’s Atmosphere §1 Atmospheric movement caused by uneven heat and cold 1. The fundamental heat source of the atmosphere is solar radiation, but the most direct heat source of the atmosphere is the ground. 2. The atmosphere weakens solar radiation and insulates the ground. 3. The more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat is returned to the ground through atmospheric reverse radiation, that is, the stronger the insulation effect. 4. The formation process of thermodynamic circulation is uneven cold and heat on the ground → vertical movement of the atmosphere → horizontal air pressure difference → horizontal movement of the atmosphere (wind). On the diagram, draw the direction of air movement and mark the high and low ground air pressure. 5. The direction of horizontal air movement (wind) is from high pressure to low pressure, to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. On an isobars map, the denser the isobars, the stronger the wind.

§2 Pressure belt and wind belt 1. Mark the name of the pressure belt and wind belt in the picture, and draw the wind direction of the wind belt. 2. The air pressure belts are formed due to thermal reasons, including the equatorial low pressure belt and the polar high pressure belt; due to dynamic reasons, the subtropical high pressure belt and the subpolar low pressure belt are formed; the wind belt blows from the high pressure belt to the low pressure belt, taking into account the geological conditions. It is formed by the deflection force. 3. The seasonal movement pattern of pressure belts and wind belts is that they move northward in July and southward in January in both the northern and southern hemispheres. 4. In January (winter) in the northern hemisphere, the Asian high pressure forms on the Asian continent, cutting off the subpolar low pressure belt, thereby forming the Aleutian low pressure in the Pacific; in July (summer) in the northern hemisphere, the Asian low pressure forms on the Asian continent, cutting off the subtropical A high-pressure belt, creating the Hawaiian High in the Pacific Ocean. 5. In East Asia, due to the influence of the thermal difference between sea and land on the pressure belt and wind belt, the monsoon phenomenon is formed, which blows from the land to the ocean in winter and from the ocean to the land in summer. (Northwest wind in winter, southeast wind in summer) 6. The influence of air pressure belts and wind belts on climate: Main distribution climate causes and climate characteristics Tropical rainforest climate between 10° north and south latitudes, controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone all year round, high temperature and rain throughout the year, tropical savanna climate south The area between 10° north latitude and the Tropic of Cancer is controlled alternately by the equatorial low pressure belt and the trade wind belt. The dry and wet seasons are distinct, with high temperatures and little rain in the dry season, and high temperatures and rain in the wet season. The Mediterranean climate. The west coast of the continent at latitudes 30°-40° north and south is alternately controlled by westerlies and subtropical high pressure belts. Controlled by high temperatures and little rain in summer, and mild and rainy temperate ocean climate in winter, the west coast of the continent at 40°-60° north and south latitudes is controlled by the westerly winds and is mild and rainy all year round §3 Common weather systems 1. 1 in the figure represents a cold front, and 2 represents a warm front. Among them, cold fronts appear more frequently in my country. 2. Frontal weather system: Examples of weather phenomena before and during transit and after transit. Cold fronts have higher temperatures and lower pressure. The weather is sunny and prone to rain, snow, strong winds and cooling. The temperature drops, the air pressure rises, and the weather turns sunny. Heavy rains in the north in summer, cold waves (cooling winds) in winter, and sandstorms and warm fronts in spring have lower temperatures and higher air pressure. Sunny weather is prone to continuous precipitation or fog. The temperature rises, the air pressure drops, and the weather turns sunny. 3. The number 1 in the figure indicates high pressure, and the number 2 indicates low pressure. 4. Use arrows in the figure to indicate the horizontal and vertical movement directions of the airflow. 5. The weather characteristics formed by 1 in the figure are sunny and less rainy, such as drought in summer, cold wave in winter, and crisp air in autumn in China. 2 The weather characteristics formed are cloud and rain weather, such as the typhoon phenomenon in summer and autumn in my country. §4 Global climate change 1. Global climate change has both natural and man-made causes. The most important trend of modern climate change is global warming. 2. In our country, the climate warming phenomenon is very obvious in the northern region when viewed from a spatial perspective. It is more prominent in the winter season when viewed from a temporal perspective. 3. The main causes of global warming: carbon dioxide emissions (burning of fossil fuels), forest destruction, population growth 4. The effects of global warming: (1) causing sea levels to rise; (2) changing the water cycle , causing disasters such as floods and droughts; exacerbating the instability of water resources and the contradiction between supply and demand. (3) It is beneficial to high-latitude countries to increase their agricultural production (the growing season is extended); it is not beneficial to low-latitude countries to reduce their agricultural production (floods and droughts are intensified). Chapter 3 Water on Earth §1 Water cycle in nature 1. Water resources refer to fresh water resources on land, among which glacial water has the largest reserves and river water is the most utilized. 2. (1) In the figure, 1 is evaporation and 2 is precipitation, which constitute the internal circulation cycle of the sea; (2) In the figure 3 is evaporation and 4 is precipitation, which constitute the internal circulation cycle of the land (inland circulation); ( 3) In the figure, 5 is evaporation, 6 is water vapor transport, 7 is precipitation, 8 is surface runoff, 9 is infiltration, and 10 is underground runoff. They form a cycle between sea and land. (4) What can renew and purify land water resources is the circulation between sea and land. Humans have the greatest use and impact on surface runoff in the process of utilizing the water cycle. 3. The significance of the water cycle: (1) Maintain the dynamic balance of global water bodies; (2) Promote global energy exchange and material transfer; (3) Shape the surface morphology; (4) Renew and purify terrestrial water resources. §2 Large-scale seawater movement 1. The main driving force for forming ocean currents is prevailing wind. In addition, geostrophic deflection force and land shape can also affect the direction of ocean currents. 2. The main types of ocean currents are cold currents and warm currents. 3. Draw the direction of the ocean currents on the diagram. 4. The cold currents in the figure include 5, 7, 10, and 11; the warm currents include 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9. 5. The influence of ocean currents: (1) Affects the transport and exchange of heat between high and low latitudes. (2) Impact on coastal climate: Warm currents play a role in warming and humidifying. For example, the temperate marine climate in Western Europe is affected by the North Atlantic Warm Current. The cold current has the effect of cooling and dehumidifying, and deserts may form in coastal areas if affected by the cold current. (3) Impact on fishing grounds: Hokkaido fishing grounds are formed in the Pacific due to the intersection of cold and warm currents 3 and 7; Peruvian fishing grounds are formed in 11 locations due to the influence of upwelling. (4) Impact on marine pollution: expanding the scope of pollution; accelerating the purification of pollutants. (5) Impact on marine transportation: going downstream can speed up and save fuel; fog is prone to appear at the intersection of cold and warm currents, which can interfere with transportation; in addition, ocean currents may bring icebergs from high latitudes, harming transportation. §3 Rational utilization of water resources 1. Natural resources can be divided into renewable resources and non-renewable resources according to their nature, and water resources are among the renewable resources.

2. Factors that affect the abundance and scarcity of water resources include precipitation, evaporation, runoff, etc., among which runoff is the most important criterion for measuring the abundance and scarcity of water resources. 3. The quantity of water resources mainly affects the scale of economic activities, and the quality of water resources mainly affects the efficiency of economic activities. 4. The development of productivity (technology) can affect human use of water resources. In the era of backward science and technology, humans mainly used river water and freshwater lake water; in the era of advanced science and technology, humans use more types of water resources and the methods of utilization are diversified. For example, groundwater extraction, seawater desalination, inter-basin water transfer, construction of reservoirs, etc. 5. At present, human beings' demand for water resources continues to increase, but the quality of water resources continues to decline. Water resources must be used rationally, because water resources are not inexhaustible. 6. Measures for human utilization of water resources: (1) Build reservoirs; (2) Transfer water across river basins; (3) Improve utilization efficiency and reuse rate. (4) Desalination of seawater; (5) Reasonable exploitation of groundwater; (6) Raising awareness of water conservation; (7) Artificial rainfall enhancement; (8) Reduce pollution and waste. Among them, (1)(2)(4)(5)(7) are measures to increase revenue, and (3)(6)(8) are measures to reduce expenditure. Chapter 4: Shaping of Surface Formation §1: Forces that Create Surface Formation 1. Geological processes can be divided into two types: internal forces and external forces according to different energy sources. Looking at the entire geological period, internal forces play a dominant role in geological processes. 2. The energy for internal forces mainly comes from the interior of the earth (thermal energy), which can make the surface uneven; internal forces mainly include magma activity, metamorphism, crustal movement, etc. Basic form. 3. Crustal movement is the main way to shape the surface morphology, which can be divided into two forms: horizontal movement and lifting (vertical) movement according to the direction and nature of movement. 4. Horizontal movement often forms fold mountains, fault zones, rift valleys, oceans, etc.; vertical movement often forms terrain fluctuations, sea and land changes, etc. In terms of global-scale movements, crustal movements are dominated by horizontal movements. 5. The energy of external forces mainly comes from outside the earth (solar energy, gravity energy), which can make the surface of the earth flat; external forces mainly include weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation (accumulation), consolidation and diagenesis, etc. form. 6. The three major types of rocks can transform into each other (crust material cycle). Fill in the corresponding names in the picture.

§2 The formation of mountains 1. The main types of mountains include fold mountains, fault block mountains, and volcanoes. 2. The basic forms of folds include anticlines and synclines. Among them, the rock layers arch upward to form an anticline. The relationship between the old and new rock layers is that the central rock layer is older and the rock layers on the two wings are younger. The rock layers bend downward to form a syncline. The relationship between the old and new rock layers is that the central rock layer is younger. The rock formations on both wings are older. 3. Under the influence of internal forces, anticlines generally form mountains and synclines form valleys; however, if external forces are taken into account, the top of the anticline is easily eroded into a valley due to the tension, while the trough of the syncline is squeezed Due to the pressure, erosion is less likely to occur, thus forming mountains. The world-famous Himalayas, Alps, Cordilleras, etc. are all fold mountains based on their origin. Anticlines are oil and gas storage structures; tunnels can be built; synclines are water storage structures. 4. The rock layer fractures during the crustal movement and undergoes significant displacement along the fracture surface to form a fault. The relative rise of rock blocks between two faults forms horsts, which are easy to form fault block mountains, such as Huashan, Lushan, Taishan, etc.; the relative decline of rock blocks between two faults forms grabens, which are easy to form. Lowlands and valleys, such as the Weihe Plain, Fen River Valley, and the Great Rift Valley, were formed in this way. 5. The Columbia Plateau, the main peak of Changbai Mountain in my country, and Mount Fuji in Japan were all formed due to magma activity. 6. Transportation lines in mountainous areas are mainly distributed in intermountain basins and valleys. The reason is that the surface of mountainous areas is rugged, while the terrain of intermountain basins and valleys is relatively gentle. 7. Transportation lines in mountainous areas are long and have large curvatures. The reason is: transportation lines in mountainous areas need to bypass various obstacles. 8. The transportation lines in mountainous areas are mainly highways, followed by railways. The reason is: transportation construction costs in mountainous areas are relatively high and difficult, while highway construction costs are relatively low. §3 Development of river landforms 1. River landforms can be divided into erosional landforms and accumulation landforms according to their causes. 2. Trace-back erosion can extend the valley toward the source of the river; downward erosion can deepen the valley, and lateral erosion can widen the valley. 3. The most typical type of river accumulation landform is the alluvial plain, which is composed of the alluvial-alluvial plain in the upper reaches of the river, the floodplain plain in the middle and lower reaches of the river, and the delta plain at the mouth of the river. 4. Settlements in plateau areas are generally distributed in flood plains on both sides of deep valleys. They are strip-like in shape, relatively dispersed in concentration, and relatively small in scale. The main reasons are: the climate here is warm (low altitude), the soil is fertile, and the water is abundant. 5. Settlements in mountainous areas are generally distributed in the flood plains on both sides of the river or the alluvial fans in the mountain front. They are strip-like in shape, relatively dispersed in concentration, and relatively small in scale. The main reasons are: the terrain here is flat, there are sufficient surface or underground water sources, and the soil is fertile. 6. Settlements in plain areas are generally distributed in deltas or flood plains on both sides of rivers. Their shapes are strip-like or mass-like, with relatively dense concentration and large scale. The main reasons are: the terrain here is flat, the soil is fertile, the water is sufficient, and the inland river and ocean transportation is convenient.

Chapter 5 Integrity and Difference of the Natural Geographic Environment §1 Integrity of the Natural Geographic Environment 1. The various elements that make up the environment always strive for overall consistency; changes in one element will cause corresponding changes in other elements and even the whole. Change. 2. The exchange of matter and energy is carried out between geographical elements, such as water cycle, biological cycle, lithospheric material cycle (crust material cycle) and other processes. 3. The interaction between geographical elements produces new functions such as production function and balancing function. Among them, the production function refers to the ability of the natural environment to synthesize organic matter; the balance function refers to the exchange of matter and energy between various natural geographical elements to maintain the stability of the properties of the natural geographical elements. 4. The natural geographical environment has a unified evolution process, that is, changes in the natural geographical environment are composed of changes in multiple geographical elements. 5. Changes in geographical elements will "affect the whole body", that is, changes in a certain natural geographical element will lead to corresponding changes in other elements and the state of the entire geographical environment. §2 Differences in the natural geographical environment 1. Based on thermal changes, natural zones are formed from the equator to the poles, showing regular replacement in the north-south direction. This phenomenon is most obvious in low and high latitudes. 2. Based on moisture changes, natural zones are formed from the coast to the inland, showing regular east-west changes. This phenomenon is most obvious in the mid-latitude areas. 3. Based on the simultaneous changes in moisture and heat, the natural zone is formed to show a regular replacement in the vertical direction from the foothills to the top of the mountain. This phenomenon is most obvious in mountainous areas with large height differences. The lower the local latitude and the higher the altitude, the greater the number of vertical bands and the more complete the vertical band spectrum.