Japanese regional culture
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Geography of Japan
1, geographical location
Japan is located at the eastern end of the Eurasian continent and belongs to Asia. It is an island country, surrounded by the sea, extending in an arc from northeast to southwest. To the east and south are the endless Pacific Ocean, bounded by the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea to the west, and the Sea of Okhotsk to the north, facing North Korea, South Korea, China, Russia and the Philippines across the sea.
2. Region and regional division
Japan is equivalent to Yunnan Province.
The total area of Yunnan Province is 394,000 square kilometers, accounting for 4. 1% of the total land area of China.
Japan covers an area of 377,748 square kilometers.
Total land area: including the small island, it is 377,835 square kilometers, including 374,744 square kilometers of land area and 309 1 square kilometer of water area. Physical geography: Located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, it is an arc island country extending from northeast to southwest. It is separated from China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia by the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, the Korean Strait and the Sea of Japan. The land area is 377,880 square kilometers, including Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and more than 6,800 other small islands. The territorial sea area is 3 10000 square kilometers. There is a territorial dispute with Russia over the "four northern islands" (called "South Kuril Islands" by Russia) and a territorial dispute with South Korea over Zhudao (called "Dokdo" by South Korea). Mountains and hills account for 7 1% of the total area. There are more than 160 volcanoes in China, of which more than 50 are active volcanoes, which is a world-famous earthquake zone. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in China and an active volcano, with an altitude of 3,776 meters. Hot springs are all over the country. The rivers in the territory are short and rich in hydropower resources. The longest Xinnong River is about 367 kilometers long. The largest lake is Lake Biwa, with an area of 672.8 square kilometers. Because it is surrounded by the sea, it belongs to the temperate maritime monsoon climate, which is mild and humid all year round. Compared with the same latitude area, there is no severe cold in winter and no heat in summer. There are many typhoons in summer and autumn, and it rains in June. 1 Monthly average temperature is -6℃ in the north and16℃ in the south; In July, it was 17℃ in the north and 28℃ in the south. The annual precipitation is 700-3500mm, and the maximum is over 4000mm.
3. Topography and landform
Japan is mountainous, and the mountains are distributed in the central part of Japan in a ridge shape, which divides Japan's territory into one side of the Pacific Ocean and one side of the Sea of Japan, and the mountains and hills account for 765,438+0% of the total area. Japan is located in the Pacific volcanic earthquake zone, with frequent volcanic activities, which has brought great troubles to the lives of local people. There are more than 160 volcanoes in China, of which more than 50 are active volcanoes, which is a famous earthquake zone in the world. This is why it is called the land of volcanic earthquakes. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in China, with an altitude of 3776 meters. In the volcanic distribution area, with beautiful scenery and rich hot spring resources, it has become a famous tourist attraction.
4. Rivers, plains and lakes
Most rivers in Japan originate in the central mountainous areas and flow eastward and westward into the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Because Japan is long and narrow from east to west, the mountains are steep and the rivers are short and urgent. In rainy season and typhoon season, the amount of water increases, which is easy to form floods. To this end, Japan has built a large number of flood control dams and reservoirs. River water is widely used for domestic water, agricultural and industrial water and hydropower generation. The plains in Japan are mainly distributed in the downstream coastal areas of rivers, mostly alluvial plains, with a small scale. The larger plains include Kanto Plain, Shikai Plain, Yuehou Plain, Houwei Plain and Shi Sheng Plain.
The largest lake is Lake Biwa, with an area of 672.8 square kilometers.
5. Coastline and Ocean
Japan's coastline is 33,889 kilometers long. As Japan is an island country, its coastline is very complicated. There are many cliffs in the Sea of Japan in the west, few ports, and many estuaries in the Pacific Ocean in the east, forming many natural ports.
In the East Pacific Ocean, it is surrounded by the Japanese warm current (Kuroshio) from south to north, and the Kuroshio cold current (pro-tide) forms in the northeast. In the West Sea of Japan, there are warm currents and Riemann cold currents flowing to Malaysia. At the intersection of cold current and warm current, there are abundant fish resources and become natural fishing grounds. Because it is surrounded by the sea, it has a temperate maritime monsoon climate, which is mild and humid all year round, with no severe cold in winter and no heat in summer. There are many typhoons in summer and autumn, and it rains in June. 1 Monthly average temperature is -6℃ in the north and16℃ in the south; In July, it was 17℃ in the north and 28℃ in the south. The annual precipitation is 700-3500mm, and the maximum is over 4000mm. In recent years, El Nino, which has caused the sea water to warm, has also had an impact on Japan, mainly because the duration of plum rains is prolonged, and it is easy to form Leng Xia and warm winter.
6. Geomorphology and Geology
From the point of view of plate tectonics, Japan is located at the extinction boundary of Asia-Europe plate and Pacific plate, and it is a part of the combination of island arc, coastal mountains and trenches in the western Pacific. 68% of this country is mountainous. The highest mountain in Japan is the famous Mount Fuji, with an altitude of 3776 meters. Because there are few plains, crops are planted on many mountains in Japan, and the largest plain is Kanto Plain. Japan is located in the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean. One tenth of the world's volcanoes are located in Japan, and volcanic activities often occur all over the country. There will be several major earthquakes every century; The Hanshin earthquake and the Sino-Vietnamese earthquake in Niigata Prefecture in recent years are both strong earthquakes with magnitude above 6 on the Richter scale, which have attracted the attention of all countries in the world. There are many hot springs in Japan, which have developed into tourist attractions.
Because Japan's islands extend to the northeast for a long time, and the north and south span about 20 degrees latitude, there are many climate types. Most of the climate types are temperate monsoon climate, while Kyushu Island, Shikoku and Ryukyu Islands in the south are subtropical monsoon climate. The northern islands are warm in summer, long and cold in winter, and often have a lot of snowfall. In the central and western regions, it is dry in winter, seldom snows, and humid in summer.
Japan is an island country, deeply influenced by Kuroshio, with remarkable maritime climate and beautiful cherry blossoms.
7. Japanese climate
Japan is deeply influenced by Kuroshio, pro-tide and other ocean currents, with obvious maritime climate and small annual temperature difference. The climate in most parts of Japan is mild. However, due to the long-term extension of Japan's islands from southwest to northeast, and the difference between north and south latitudes is about 20 degrees, there are still great differences in climate throughout the country, which can be divided into six climatic zones, namely:
Climate in Hokkaido: Hokkaido is not affected by plum rains, and the rainfall is less than that in other parts of Japan. Summer is short and cool; Winter is long and cold.
Japan's coastal climate: the range is the western coastal area of Honshu Island. Winter is controlled by Siberian high, and the northwest wind blows. At the same time, because the warm current in winter brings a lot of water vapor to the horse current passing through the Sea of Japan, it often snows heavily. There is less precipitation in summer, and sometimes there is abnormal high temperature due to foehn.
Central plateau climate: typical inland climate. It is cold in winter and cool in summer. There is a great temperature difference between winter and summer and day and night. Low rainfall
Pacific side climate: including the east coast of Honshu, Shikoku and most parts of Kyushu. Influenced by the southeast monsoon in summer, there are many strong typhoons in Meiyu period. In winter, there is less snowfall.
Seto Inland Sea Climate: Including Yang Shan, Shikoku, Feng Jingen and parts of Kyushu. The weather here is often sunny, with little rainfall and suffering from drought from time to time.
Climate of Nanxi Islands: The range is Ryukyu Islands. It belongs to subtropical climate, with hot summer and warm winter. Rainstorm. Typhoons often strike in summer.
The precipitation in Japan is the highest in the world. The main reasons include winter snowfall in Japan's coastal areas; Continuous plum rains in June-July (May-June in Okinawa and Amami); And typhoons that landed in or near Japan from summer to autumn. The highest recorded temperature in Japan is 40.9 degrees, which was measured on August 16, 2007 in Kumagaya City, saitama and Tojima City, Gifu Prefecture. The lowest recorded temperature is -4 1 degree, which was 10+degree measured in Asahikawa, Hokkaido on October 25th.
[Edit this paragraph] Cultural tradition
Japan's unique geographical conditions and long history have given birth to a unique Japanese culture. Cherry blossoms, kimonos, haiku and samurai, sake and Shintoism constitute two aspects of traditional Japan-chrysanthemum and sword. Japan has a famous "three paths", namely, Japanese folk tea ceremony, flower path and book path.
Tea ceremony, also known as tea soup (tea tasting), has been loved by the upper class as an aesthetic ceremony since ancient times. Tea ceremony is a unique tea ceremony and social etiquette. Nowadays, tea ceremony is widely accepted by the general public to train concentration or cultivate manners. Many schools in Japan teach the techniques of various schools of tea ceremony, and many hotels also have tea rooms, where you can easily enjoy the performances of tea ceremony. However, the Japanese tea ceremony was finally introduced to Japan from China during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty. In ancient times, Japan had contacts with China. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, a large number of Japanese envoys came to China and were deeply influenced by China. The Japanese call "China is the hometown of Japanese tea ceremony".
The flower path was born as a technology to replicate the flowers in the wild in the teahouse. Because of the different rules and methods of exhibition, pattern science can be divided into more than 20 schools, and there are also many schools in Japan that teach various schools of pattern science techniques. In addition, in hotels, department stores, public facilities halls and other places, you can enjoy the beautifully decorated art of flower arrangement. Taboo lotus, think lotus is a funeral flower. Avoid camellia, chrysanthemum is a symbol of the royal family.
Sumo originated from the religious ceremony of Japanese Shintoism. People hold competitions for the god of harvest in temples, hoping to bring a good harvest. In Nara and heian period, sumo was a court sport, but in Kamakura and the Warring States period, sumo became a part of samurai training. Professional sumo began in the18th century, which is very similar to the present sumo competition. Shinto ceremony emphasizes sumo, and the purpose of stamping before the game is to drive away the evil spirits in the field and also to relax the muscles. Salt should be sprinkled on the ruins to achieve the purpose of purification, because Shinto believes that salt can drive away ghosts. Sumo is played on the table. The whole table is square, with a circle in the middle and a diameter of 4.55 meters. In the competition, two lux stood almost naked on the stage with their hair in a bun and pocket belts. During the game, Lux must not touch the surface of the table or cross the circle except the sole of the foot. You can decide the game in a minute or two or even a few seconds. Sumo referee * * * consists of six people. The referee is the "secretary" with a folding fan, and the other five people are in the front row, east, west and referee's seat respectively. The highest rank of Hercules is "Yokozuna". Here are the Grand View, Guan Wei, Summary and Neck Front. These four levels are called "in-screen" and belong to the upper level of Lux. Again, there are twelve scenes, in addition to which there are three subordinate items and three sequences. Students in the preface and the second paragraph can only do odd jobs such as fetching water and sweeping the floor. Only after the third paragraph, the master will teach some skills, while the students in the twelfth paragraph are all professional sumo wrestlers, known as "Lux", who not only have wages, but also can participate in various competitions to win bonuses. Few players can reach the Guanxiehe Pass. Once a sumo wrestler arrives in Yokozuna, he can almost be said to be at the apex of the Japanese sumo world, and will have the supreme glory for life. At present, there are only 68 Yokozuna in Japanese sumo history; Sumo is different from many sports, and its level is uncertain. Failure or failure will lead to its level decline.
Kimono is the name of traditional Japanese national costume. It is also called "persistence" in Japan. Kimono is modeled after the clothes of Sui, Tang and Wu in China, so it is called "Kimono of Mary Ng" and "Tang suit" in Japan. Kimono is the western name of Wu's clothing. Now the Japanese have accepted this name, but many shops selling kimonos still write "Wu's clothing". In the 8th and 9th centuries, Tang Feng was once popular in Japan. Although it changed later and formed a unique Japanese style, it still contains some characteristics of ancient Chinese clothing. The different styles and colors of women's kimonos are the signs that distinguish age and marriage. For example, unmarried girls wear tight sleeves and married women wear wide sleeves; Comb "Teru Shimada" hairstyle (one of Japanese hairstyles, bowl-shaped). The girl is wearing a red collar shirt and a bun, and the housewife is wearing a plain shirt. Kimono doesn't need buttons, just a knotted belt. There are many kinds of belts, and the method of knotting is different. A widely used method of tying knots is called "Taikoo Knot". There is a paper or cloth core in the belt where the waist is tied, which looks like a square box. This is the decoration behind the kimono that we often see. Because tying knots is very troublesome, there are ready-made "improvement belts" and "cultural belts" after the war. Although today's Japanese daily clothes have long been replaced by suits, kimono is still recognized as a must-wear dress for weddings, celebrations, traditional flower patterns, tea ceremonies and other grand social occasions.
Judo enjoys a high reputation all over the world. The basic principle of judo is not to attack, but to use the opponent's strength to protect the body. The grade of judo players is expressed by the color of their belts (primary: white/advanced: black). Judo is the development of boxing in China, which originated from Shaolin. Chen Yuanzan, a martial arts expert from China in the late Ming Dynasty, introduced China traditional martial arts into Fusang (modern edition) and became the forerunner of modern judo in the world.
Kendo is a Japanese fencing sport, which originated from samurai's important martial arts fencing. According to strict rules, the contestants wear special protective equipment and stab each other's head, body and fingertips with bamboo knives.
Karate is a fighting sport introduced to Japan from China via Ryukyu Kingdom (now Okinawa). Karate does not use any weapons, only fists and feet. Compared with other fighting sports, karate is a practical form of sports.
Aikido was originally just a kind of exercise to practice "shape", and its basic idea is not to use force against power. Compared with judo and karate, Aikido, as a mental exercise and fitness exercise, is very popular with the elderly and women.
Calligraphy, when it comes to calligraphy, I believe many people will think it is a unique art in China. In fact, calligraphy is not only popular in Japan, but also one of the ways people cultivate their temperament. In ancient Japan, calligraphy was called "Tathagata" or "calligraphy", and the word "calligraphy" did not appear until the Edo period (17th century). In Japan, the popularity of writing Chinese characters with a brush should be after the introduction of Buddhism. Monks and Buddhists copied scriptures with a brush, imitating China.
Noko is a traditional Japanese drama and one of the oldest extant dramas in the world. Nengju originated from ancient dance drama forms and various festival dramas held in Japanese shrines and monasteries in the12nd century or13rd century. "Neng" means talent or skill. Actors hint at the essence of the story through facial expressions and body movements, rather than showing it. Now this kind of drama still has tenacious vitality in Japan.
Kabuki, like Nobuko, is one of the most representative traditional dramas in Japan. Like Beijing Opera in China, it is a comprehensive stage art with music and dance as its core and composed of lines, songs and martial arts scenes. Kabuki originated from a woman named "Izumo Afghanistan" at the beginning of17th century. She was very good at performing social customs at that time and was very popular with people. But since then, with the changes of the times, kabuki has been changed to all roles played by men, even women, and this tradition has continued to this day.
Sushi is a kind of food made of sashimi (さしみ), raw shrimp, raw fish powder and so on. Mix with white rice, vinegar, seafood, horseradish, etc. Knead into a rice ball. There are many kinds of sushi, not less than hundreds, and sushi in different regions also has its own characteristics. Most of them are prepared with rice and vinegar first, then wrapped with fish, meat and eggs, and wrapped with laver or bean skin. When eating raw fish sushi, drink Japanese green tea or sake, which has a special taste.
[Edit this paragraph] Eating habits
Japanese food
Generally, westerners think that Japanese cuisine is only beef hot pot or sushi with weird appearance, but in recent years, Japanese cuisine has become famous all over the world. Many tourists know how to taste fresh fish and tender fried shrimp when they go to Japan, and some tourists are going to Japan to indulge in various traditional Japanese foods. In a word, enjoying Japanese food is the most unforgettable thing in your life.
The main course in Japan is fish. "Sashimi" is a unique delicacy in Japan, and raw food is also a very healthy way to eat, which can reduce the loss of nutrients in fish more than cooking. The methods of Japanese cooking fish are mostly low-temperature cooking and steaming.
eating habits
Japanese cold noodles are placed on bamboo boards, picked up with chopsticks and eaten in cold soup. Some restaurants don't have spoons, so Japanese people are used to picking them up and drinking soup.
night life
Japanese people are used to drinking in groups after work. In the entertainment center of metropolis, there are bars, discos and nightclubs everywhere.
Japanese drinks
Beer: Japanese people like to drink beer best, whether it is draft beer or bottled beer. In summer, some department stores have outdoor beer halls, which attract a large number of tourists.
Sake: Sake can be drunk hot or cold. No matter what kind of sake is the best match for Japanese cuisine. Wine tastes fragrant and sweet, and it is easy to get drunk if you drink too much.
Whiskey: Japanese people like to drink whisky with ice and water (Mizuwari).
Table wine: the western restaurant has Japanese-made and imported table wine. China restaurants also serve Shaoxing wine.
Soju: This wine is made of sweet potato, barley, sucrose and other raw materials. The filtered alcohol is a bit like vodka.
Drinking etiquette
Ordinary Japanese pubs have an easy-going and relaxed atmosphere, and customers in the same trade will pour beer to each other. If a group of people go to drink, they can't drink the first cup until everyone raises their glasses and says "cheers"