How to plant cherry tomatoes out of season? What techniques are there in the cultivation process?
First, cherry tomato seedlings.
Sowing time in winter and spring is 165438+ 10 ~ 65438+February. It is very important to choose greenhouse seedlings with good lighting conditions and certain temperature and humidity requirements.
1, preparation of matrix
Take 1 m3 as an example: peat 0.6 m3, vermiculite 0.2 m3, perlite 0.2 m3, potassium nitrate 700g and calcium superphosphate 700g are needed. The substrate prepared in this way has physical and chemical properties beneficial to seedling growth, low cost and certain fertility.
Step 2 sow seeds
Put the prepared substrate into the seedling tray, the substrate should not be too much, it should be flush with the tray, then sow cherry tomato seeds into the tray, each hole 1 grain, with a depth of about 0.5 cm, and finally cover with a layer of substrate with a thickness of about 0.5 cm.
Put the sown plug evenly on the seedbed, spray water in time, and water it thoroughly. Keep the water content of the substrate above 90%, and immediately cover it with plastic film to keep warm and moist after watering. The temperature in the germination stage is too low, so the seeds can't germinate normally. Generally, the daytime temperature is about 26~30℃ and the nighttime temperature is about 22℃. If the temperature can't reach, an arched shed can be built above the seedbed, covered with plastic film, and covered with a thermal quilt at night to increase the temperature in the shed and ensure the normal emergence of cherry tomatoes.
3, seedling management
Cherry tomatoes began to germinate about 5 days after sowing, and 80% of the seeds were uncovered in time when they emerged. This stage is easy to form tall seedlings, slow growth, many diseases and low yield after planting. How to reduce high seedlings, the key is to control humidity. After emergence, increase ventilation and reduce humidity in the shed. Generally, the moisture content of the substrate is reduced to 60%~70%, and the relative humidity of the air is about 80%. The temperature is kept at 25℃~28℃ during the day and around 20℃ at night. Strengthening temperature and humidity management can effectively prevent the emergence of high seedlings.
4. Seedling management
Cherry tomatoes grow 1 true leaves about 12 days after emergence, and enter the seedling management period. During this period, the temperature in the shed should be increased, and the daytime temperature can be kept at 27~30℃, the nighttime temperature can be appropriately reduced, and the nighttime temperature can be kept at 15~20℃, which is beneficial to the uniform jointing and flower bud differentiation of cherry tomato seedlings.
When the cherry tomato has two leaves 1 heart, if some weak seedlings are found in the same seedling tray, it is necessary to select 1~2 times, and the weak seedlings can be selected and cultivated separately to ensure the balanced growth and consistent size of the cherry tomato seedlings.
When the seedlings grow 2~3 true leaves, flower bud differentiation begins, and the first flower bud differentiation corresponds to the first inflorescence after 6~7 true leaves. At this stage, the light should be increased as much as possible. Under the condition of maintaining a suitable temperature, the insulation quilt should be uncovered early and covered late, and the light should be supplemented manually at night with a fill lamp.
5. Growth period management
About 25 days after the emergence of cherry tomato, three leaves of 1 heart grow out and enter the seedling stage. At this stage, it is necessary to reduce the temperature and humidity in the shed, increase the ventilation times and temper the tomato seedlings. The daytime temperature is 23~27℃, the nighttime temperature is 15~ 18℃, and the water content of the substrate is kept at 60%~70%. After 35~45 days of emergence, 5 leaves 1 heart will grow, and the seedlings can be sown when the height 15~20㎝.
II. Colonization management
In winter and spring, the planting time of tomatoes and cherries is generally around 65438+ 10, and the indoor temperature in the shed can be stabilized above 10℃. Because the cherry tomatoes require high water and fertilizer conditions, they should be fertilized and prepared before planting.
1, fertilization and soil preparation
Fertilization and soil preparation are not only suitable for cherry tomatoes, but also for other tomatoes. Planting tomatoes and cherries in straw reactor has achieved good results in actual planting, and the operation is not complicated.
Before sowing 16 days, the fermentation ditch should be dug first. The size of fermentation ditch should be determined according to the needs of crops and planting methods. Generally, the ditch is about 35㎝ deep, 60㎝ wide and 90㎝ apart. Now the fermentation ditches are covered with straw, and the thickness of straw is about 30㎝.
Next, sprinkle microbial agents that decompose straw on the straw. Refer to the manufacturer's instructions for specific usage and dosage. Then, spray urea again, and the dosage of urea is 4% of the total weight of straw. Finally, cover the straw with a layer of soil about 25㎝ thick. Straw reactor can not only increase the content of humus in soil and increase soil permeability, but also be beneficial to the growth of cherry tomatoes. Because straw fermentation is a slow process, it can supply nutrients for a long time, just to meet the demand of cherry tomato vigorous growth in the later period.
2. Soak the roots of the seedlings.
Soaking the roots of cherry tomatoes before planting is an effective measure to prevent pathological diseases. Soaking roots and rhizomes with fludioxonil suspension 10~ 15 minutes can effectively prevent root rot and root rot. Of course, the specific choice of drugs should be based on which diseases were frequent in previous years.
Step 3 plant
Most cherry tomatoes cultivated in greenhouse are about 80㎝ in height, the distance between two beds is about 70㎝, and the height between beds is about 25㎝. After clearing the border field, dig planting holes with a depth of 5-8 ㎝ and divide them into two rows. The cultivation method is one row and two rows, the row spacing is 50㎝, the plant spacing is 30~40㎝, and about 3000 plants are planted per mu.
When planting, just bury the soil flush with the roots and hills. The soil is buried too deep, which is not conducive to delaying seedlings. Planting at the end of sunny and cloudy days is beneficial to slow down seedlings. After planting, the light and temperature in the shed should be beneficial to slow down the seedlings. If it is cloudy after planting, it is not conducive to delaying seedlings and is easy to breed soil-borne diseases. The specific planting time should avoid the noon with strong sunlight, and it is best to choose before 1 1 in the morning or after 3 pm.
After planting, lay drip irrigation pipe, each drip irrigation pipe corresponds to a row of cherry tomatoes, and then cover with plastic film. The plastic film can keep the soil warm and moist, reduce evaporation and reduce the air humidity in the shed. Irrigation with planting water as soon as possible after film mulching is beneficial to slow down seedlings. Slow the seedlings for 5-7 days, and grow 1 new leaf to complete the slow seedling.
After the seedling is delayed, it can be slightly ventilated to cool down, and the temperature can be maintained at about 25℃ during the day and 15~ 18℃ at night. Proper squatting can cultivate strong seedlings and prevent vigorous growth.
Third, the management of flower and fruit period
About 20 days after planting, cherry tomato grows to 10~ 15 leaves, and buds begin to appear between 6~7 leaves. The whole flowering and fruiting period is about 4~5 months, which is divided into prophase, metaphase and anaphase.
1, preliminary result management
Results the initial management refers to the whole period from the first ear flowering to the expansion and maturity, about 50 days. Results The initial stage is also a period from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and vegetative growth. When tomatoes and cherries grow over 30㎝, vines need to be removed in time.
(1), vine pruning
When pulling plants to grow upright, we should pay attention to fixing one end of the rope on the next node of the first inflorescence, and pruning at the same time as falling vines. Pruning methods include single vine pruning and double vine pruning.
Single vine pruning: only one trunk in the middle is reserved, and all other branches are knocked out and bear fruit on the main vine. Double-vine pruning: generally, a robust lateral branch is selected in the next section of the first ear, and then all the lateral branches of other sections are knocked out to bear fruit on the main vine and the reserved lateral branches. Generally, double vine pruning can protect seedlings at first, and in the late high temperature season, the amount of leaves is relatively large, which can protect a single fruit and avoid sunburn. The fruit yield is relatively concentrated than that of single vine pruning, and the early yield is relatively high. After pruning, when the lateral branches grow to about 20㎝, they also need to be pruned separately.
The market price of cherry tomato planting in winter and spring is relatively high, and the high yield in the early stage is beneficial to improve the planting efficiency.
② pollination
Cherry tomato is a self-pollinating crop. In the greenhouse, especially in winter and spring, the air humidity in the greenhouse is high, the temperature is low, there is no wind, there are few pollinators, the pollen is loose, there are many pollination obstacles, and there are some problems such as serious flower falling, low fruit setting rate and many abnormal fruits. Therefore, bumblebees or wallbees can be used to pollinate the cherry tomatoes. After pollination, tomato fruit is full, round and uniform in size. If there is no local conditions for bee pollination, artificial pollination can also be used to improve the fruit setting rate.
(3) thinning flowers and fruits
About two days after pollination, the petals fall off and a fruit the size of mung bean appears, which proves that the fruit setting has been successful. If an inflorescence has a large number of flowers, in order to improve the commodity of the fruit, you can pick 1~3 flowers at the top of the inflorescence, which is beneficial to the unification of fruit size. According to the growth of plants, plants that grow well should leave more flowers appropriately; Plants grow thinner and thinner, leaving only a few flowers. If it is too thin, the first ear fruit can completely leave no fruit, and let it sit directly on the second ear fruit.
④ Water and fertilizer management
When the first ear began to swell and the second ear sat up, it began to increase the supply of fat and water. At this stage, the soil water content should be kept between 50% and 60%. At the same time, high potassium fertilizer can be applied with water. Generally, a high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer with the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 16:8:34 is applied, and the dosage per mu is10.15 ~ 20 days.
⑤ Temperature and humidity control
Results It is reasonable to control the daytime temperature at 25~28℃ and the nighttime temperature at 65438 03 ~ 65438 05℃. At this stage, the low temperature should be reduced appropriately to prevent the plants from growing in vain. While ensuring the temperature in the shed, properly increase the ventilation, reduce the humidity in the shed, and keep the air relative humidity between 50% and 60%.
About 40 days after flowering and pollination of cherry tomato, the fruit expanded and began to change color, first from green to white, then slowly to orange, and finally to red. Generally, the discoloration period takes about 15 days. When the whole fruit turns red, it can be harvested in time.
6. Timely harvest
Each ear can ripen 2~4 fruits at a time, and timely harvesting is beneficial to the expansion and ripening of other fruits. After harvesting, it will lead to the competition for plant nutrients, affect the expansion of other fruits, and the softening of fruits is not conducive to storage and transportation. It is more suitable to harvest mature fruit trees in the early morning, usually before 10 in the morning. At this time, the fruit harvesting temperature is low, which is beneficial to storage. Try to avoid harvesting after the temperature rises in the afternoon.
2. Management of interim results
① Water and fertilizer management
As a result, the middle stage has also become a full fruit stage, and the yield is generally high from April to May, which is also a key period for the formation of yield. Therefore, there is a great demand for water and fertilizer in the medium term, and it is required to water and fertilize every 10 day, and the soil water content should be controlled between 60% and 70%. At the same time of watering, apply high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer with water, and apply 10~ 15㎏ per mu. At this time, the use of high potassium fertilizer can improve the quality of cherry tomatoes and promote fruit expansion and discoloration.
During this period, nitrogen and phosphorus are indispensable, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2: 1:4, and medium and trace elements should be supplemented in time.
② Temperature and humidity management
In the middle stage of fruiting, the supply of fertilizer and water is sufficient, and the plants are easy to grow white, which can be controlled by increasing the temperature difference. The daytime temperature should be controlled at 28~32℃, and the nighttime temperature should be controlled at 13~ 16℃. Lowering the night temperature can prevent plants from growing white and is also beneficial to fruit expansion.
Ventilation is a very important means to ensure the quality of cherry tomatoes. If there is no proper ventilation, the temperature in the shed will rise and fall, which will easily lead to fruit cracking. Generally, it takes 2~3 operations to open the tuyere every morning, and gradually open the tuyere; Operate for 2~3 times in the afternoon, and gradually close the tuyere to keep the temperature rise and fall evenly in the shed. Timely ventilation is also beneficial to reduce the humidity in the shed. Generally, the relative humidity of the air in the shed should be kept between 45% and 55%.
(3), bifurcation, to the old leaves
The vegetative growth and reproductive growth of cherry tomato are very vigorous in the middle stage of fruiting, and the top of the plant is easy to grow horizontally. It needs to be manually wound once every 3-4 days to make it grow upright. When winding vines, you should knock off the sprouted branches, and when beating branches, you should pay attention to breaking off the branches from the base. If it is left for too long or the wound is too large, it is easy to breed germs and produce diseases.
Results In the middle stage, there were many lower leaves, which were easy to close, which affected ventilation and light transmission. The lower old leaves can be selectively removed, and some leaves can be selectively removed between two rows to increase ventilation and light transmission conditions. The specific operation time should be carried out in sunny morning to facilitate wound healing.
(4) Falling vines
Cherry tomato grows infinitely, and the growing point keeps rising. In this way, the main vine can grow to about 2 meters in the middle stage. Too high plants affect the ventilation and light transmission in the shed, which increases the difficulty of management and requires vine removal. When harvesting the lower ear of the plant, the ear should be dropped in time. According to the actual production demand, it is generally necessary to drop vines for 2~3 times. Take the method of lying down and dropping vines, untie the hanging rope of the plants, and then lay the branches to be dropped flat on the border field along the cultivation line. After determining the height of the fallen vines, hang the vines again, and the fallen vines should lie neatly in the same direction.
3. Latest results
Generally enter the middle and late May. With the increase of temperature, the plants become weaker, and the cherry tomatoes enter the late fruiting stage. In the later stage of fruiting, the main tasks are to prevent premature aging, continue production and ensure quality.
① Water and fertilizer management
Results In the later stage, the temperature rises, the evaporation increases, and the soil is wet and dry alternately, which is easy to form deformed fruits and cracked fruits. It is suggested that vegetable farmers reduce the amount of watering and increase the number of watering to ensure that the soil water content is basically the same. According to the remaining ears, while supplementing high potassium fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer should be added, with high potassium water-soluble fertilizer 10㎏ and nitrogen fertilizer of 5㎏ per mu. In addition to washing with water, foliar topdressing, spraying some medium and trace element fertilizers and increasing the supply of fertilizer and water can effectively prevent premature senescence of plants and stabilize yield.
② Temperature and humidity management
Results the temperature was high and the light was strong in the later stage, and the daytime temperature was controlled below 30℃ and the air relative humidity was controlled between 45% and 50%. In the late growth stage, one of the main management tasks is to prevent high temperature and strong light, and shading nets can be used to reduce the light intensity and the temperature in the shed; Another is to leave as many leaves as possible to shade and cool down and protect the fruit. It is also necessary to drop vines in the late growth stage, and the specific operation method is the same as that in the middle fruit stage. Before the vine falls, in addition to removing the old leaves in the lower part, the old leaves and diseased leaves in the middle part can also be removed, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission and reduces the chance of disease.
(3), pruning, bifurcation
As a result, it still needs pruning and harrowing in the later stage. Because of the strong external light and weak plant growth in the later stage, the fruit is easy to get sunburned. 2 ~ 3 lateral branches can be left at the top of the plant, and 3 ~ 4 leaves can be left at each lateral branch to the top, so as to increase the leaf area of the upper part of the plant, strengthen the vegetative growth of the plant, and also have a shading effect on the lower fruits.
China is a vast country with different climatic conditions in different regions. According to the sales season, the cherry tomatoes should be planted reasonably, and the cherry tomatoes should be cultivated in the greenhouse in the off-season. With the corresponding scientific management measures, the yield and quality of tomatoes can be guaranteed, and the cherry tomatoes can be sold at a good price as soon as possible.