There is still a gap between it and reality. Which plots in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" are not historically accurate?
"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is written based on "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". When Zhang Xuecheng mentioned the romance in "Bingchen Miscellaneous Notes", he said that "seven points are true and three points are false". Many wonderful plots in the novel are ancient legends and are deeply influenced by local unofficial legends and anecdotal rumors.
The fact is that the interpretation of the wild history is good-looking, the characters are rich and memorable, but it is not realistic enough.
1. Cao Cao killed Lu Boshe's family: It really happened. The reason was that Lu Boshe's son died because he wanted to rob property and report to officials to receive rewards. In order to portray Cao Cao's "treacherous" character, Luo Guanzhong did this. He made up the words "I would rather teach me to betray the world than teach the world to betray me."
2. Escape by changing turban: It was Sun Jian who asked Zu Mao to wear a turban and escape to distract the enemy. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms did not say that Zu Mao was killed by Hua Xiong.
3. Warm wine and kill Hua Xiong: Hua Xiong was not killed by Guan Yu, but by Sun Jian's troops.
4. Three Heroes Fighting Lu Bu: Luo Guanzhong wanted to exaggerate Lu Bu's bravery, but there was no such thing, and Hulao Pass and Sishui Pass were the names of the same place in different periods.
5. Lu Bu killed Dong Zhuo: They did it for a palace maid. "Diao Chan" was compiled by later generations. There is no such thing as a serial plot or a beauty trap designed by Wang Yun.
6. Death of Cao Song: Tao Qian sent people to kill him.
7. Lu Bu defeated six generals: Without this, Luo Guanzhong wanted to exaggerate Lu Bu's courage.
8. The bloody battle at Wancheng: Zhang Xiu and Jia Xu used the rumors about Cao Cao and the Zou family to raise an army.
9. Using excuses to appease anger: It is fictional, and it is still Luo Guanzhong’s attempt to portray Cao Cao’s viciousness.
10. Killing people to protect themselves in dreams: It is fictitious, also to portray Cao Cao.
11. Shooting a halberd at the gate: This is true, but the distance is not that far.
12. Guan Yu surrendered to Cao: Guan Yu failed in the battle and was captured, and he surrendered voluntarily when he met Zhang Liao, not to mention the three conditions.
13. Guan Yu beheaded Yan Liang: This is true, but Zhang Liao's army weakened Yan Liang's army first, and then Guan Yu came out and beheaded him.
14. Guan Yu killed Wen Chou: Xu Huang killed him.
15. Passing five levels and killing six generals: This is fiction.
16. The Battle of Bowangpo: It was fought by Liu Bei. This battle took place in 202 AD, five years before Kongming came out. There was no direct attack with fire. It was Liu Bei who set fire to the people's houses. Let Xiahou Dun not get the spoils of war, and then set up an ambush to repel him.
17. Zhao Yun rescued Adou from a million troops in Changbanpo seven times.
18. Zhang Fei scared off Cao Jun at Changban Bridge: It was also Liu Bei’s order. Later Liu Bei ran away on his own. Zhang Fei did not raise suspicions for any reason, nor did he scare Xia Houjie to death with his momentum. Cao Cao felt that Zhang Fei He was very brave and refused to join the army. Zhang Fei's character is Yi De, not Yide.
19. The bitter trick: Huang Gai pretended to surrender, but was not beaten.
20. Borrowing arrows from a straw boat: This is Sun Quan’s strategy. It was deliberately made up by Luo Guanzhong in order to portray Kong Ming after the Battle of Chibi.
21. Zhou Yu made a counter-intentional plan: I made it up, thinking about it makes me realize that Cao Cao is not that stupid. Still portraying his paranoia.
22. Borrowing the East Wind: Luo Guanzhong deliberately made it up in order to flatter Kong Ming's face. Zhou Yu knew that the southeast wind would blow during the winter solstice, and so did Cao Cao, but Cao Cao did not expect Zhou Yu to attack at that time.
23. Burning Red Cliff: It was Zhou Yu who burned Red Cliff, not Kong Ming.
24. Calculation of Huarong: It was Luo Guanzhong who wanted to put gold on Kong Ming’s face. Kong Ming never thought that Cao Cao would take the Huarong Road. It was Liu Bei who thought of it. When he led his army to chase Cao Cao, Cao Cao had already run away. , but it can be seen that Kong Ming's military ability is probably not as good as Liu Bei's.
25. Hua Tuo’s death: It was because he was very slow to help Cao Chong. Cao Cao thought he was deliberately trying to kill Cao Chong and executed him. He died in 208 AD. Of course, he could not have helped Guan Yu scrape his bones. Healing (219 AD).
26. Three Qi Zhou Yu: Again, Luo Guanzhong wanted to beautify Kong Ming. Zhou Yu died of his own disease and had nothing to do with Kong Ming. He didn't even say anything like how to be bright if you are born with a good nature.
27. Attacking Xichuan: It was Pang Tong and Fazheng, not Kong Ming.
28. Ma Teng’s death: Contrary to historical facts, Ma Chao rebelled first and ordered Ma Teng to be executed.
29. The Battle of Hanshui River: Luo Guanzhong deliberately made it up to put gold in Kong Ming’s face.
30. Flooding the Seventh Army: That was a natural disaster, not Guan Yu’s strategy.
31. Death of Yang Xiu: He was 45 years old when he died. Luo Guanzhong said that he was 34 years old in order to make readers hate Cao Cao.
32. Gan Ning’s death: He died of illness, not by Samoko.
33. Huang Zhong’s death: He also died of illness, not in the war.
34. Lu Xun’s strategy: It’s not that he couldn’t hold out from the beginning, but that he couldn’t hold on after being defeated by the Shu army.
35. Scolding Wang Lang to death: fictional.
36. Sima Yi spread rumors to cause Kong Ming’s Northern Expedition to fail: it was Luo Guanzhong who was trying to find excuses for Kong Ming’s defeat.
37. Ma Di lost the street pavilion: Sima Yi had not yet confronted Kong Ming at that time, and the person who destroyed the street pavilion was Zhang He.
38. Dead Zhuge scared away living Zhongda: This is true, and it is not Zhuge Liang’s legacy. The record in "Han Jin Spring and Autumn" is: After Zhuge Liang died, the Shu army quietly retreated without announcing the mourning. Sima Yi had When they found out, they drove the army to pursue them. When the two armies were close, Shu Han general Jiang Wei and Chang Shi Yang Yi ordered the Shu army to counterattack with flags and drums and pretend to attack. Sima Yi did not dare to approach, so he had to retreat. The Shu army entered the valley and then mourned. At that time, there was a joke in Shu that "Zhuge died and Zhongda came back to life".
39. Xu Shu: His real name is Shan Fu, and his pseudonym is Xu Shu; the novel says that his real name is Xu Shu, and his pseudonym is Shan Fu. After his mother was arrested, he resigned voluntarily, and there was no false letter.
40. Burning Gourd Valley: compiled by Luo Guanzhong in order to put gold on Kong Ming’s face.
41. The Altar of Longevity: I know it is fake. In order to vilify Wei Yan, Luo Guanzhong arranged for him to harm Kong Ming's altar to fail.
42. Empty City Strategy: Fictional. The coach at that time was not Sima Yi at all.
43. Taoyuan sworn sworn relationship: The official history does not mention that Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei were sworn sworn friends, only that they were brothers.
44. Famous weapons: Famous weapons such as the double-stranded sword, Qinglong Yanyue Sword, Zhangba Snake Spear, Fangtian Painted Halberd, Yitian Sword, etc. are fictitious and are used to describe characters' personalities.
45. Zhang Fei whipped the postal supervisor: This was done by Liu Bei. Because the postal supervisor refused to see Liu Bei, Liu Bei was furious and whipped the postal supervisor.
46. Cao Cao offered the seven-star sword: a fictional story. In the novel, Cao Cao attempted to assassinate Dong Zhuo by offering the sword. In fact, Cao Cao believed that Dong Zhuo would eventually be defeated and fled back to his hometown overnight.
47. Chen Gong captured and released Cao Cao: Chen Gong began to follow Cao Cao in 191. It was not Chen Gong who captured and released Cao Cao, but someone else.
48. The Eighteenth Route princes attacked Dong Zhuo: In fact, only the Eleventh Route local army participated in Dong Zhuo's crusade, including General Yuan Shu, Jizhou Mu Han Fu, Yuzhou Governor Kong Min, Yanzhou Governor Liu Dai, Hanoi The prefect Wang Kuang, the prefect of Bohai Yuan Shao, the prefect of Chenliu Zhang Miao, the prefect of Dongjun Qiao Mao, the prefect of Shanyang Yuan Yi, the prime minister of Jibei Bao Xin and the prefect of Guangling Zhang Chao, while Sun Jian and Cao Cao were not included in the list due to official positions. Tao Qian participated in the campaign and contributed food, grass, money, etc., but did not send troops. Gongsun Zan also participated in the co-sign, but he was dealing with Wuhuan at the time and did not send troops; Kong Rong was busy dealing with the Yellow Turban bandits at the time; although Ma Teng and Han Sui had not yet accepted the recruitment, they did not support Dong Zhuo (the imperial court); Qingzhou governor Jiao He Although he had raised an army, he did not participate in the alliance because of the resurgence of the Yellow Turbans in Qingzhou, and soon died of illness. Wang Rui, the governor of Jingzhou, had also raised an army, but was forced to death by Sun Jian because of a personal grudge. In addition, Chen Wang Liu Chong, Chen Guoxiang Luo Jun, and Henan Yin Zhujun rebelled against Dong Zhuo.
49. Death of Sun Jian: Because he pursued the enemy with only a few followers, he was ambushed by Huang Zu, and Zhong Liuya died in Xian Mountain.
50. Liu Huangshu Liu Bei: In order to show Liu Bei's status and portray him as the orthodox monarch of the Han Dynasty, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms compiled a complete family tree of eighteen generations for Liu Bei. He became the emperor's uncle, and this title was Liu Bei's magic weapon to use against Cao Cao to coerce the emperor and order the princes. Historically, Liu Sheng's son Liu Zhen lost his title as a marquis because he failed to pay gold ingots in accordance with the court's regulations. Later, he experienced wars and political disputes. His family background has long since declined, and his genealogy is unknown. It is only known that Liu Bei is the son of the Han Dynasty. The portion is unknown.
51. Red Rabbit Horse: The Red Rabbit Horse disappeared without a trace after Lu Bu's defeat. It did not become Guan Yu's mount.
52. Death of Sun Ce: He was assassinated by an assassin. The assassin was a domestic slave and retainer of Xu Gong, the former governor of Wu County. He was not frightened to death by Yu Ji.
53. The posthumous plan to determine Liaodong: a fictional plot. Guo Jia died suddenly at the age of thirty-eight, leaving no plan behind. This plan was Cao Cao's own plan.
54. Mrs. Mi jumped into the well: According to official history, both Mrs. Gan and Mrs. Mi were safe and sound in Dangyang.
55. Liu Cong was killed: After surrendering Jingzhou, he was appointed by Cao Cao as the governor of Qingzhou and granted the title of Marquis. He was not killed. Later, in order to commend his achievements, Cao Cao moved him to the position of admonishing doctor.
56. Confucianism: only records Zhuge Liang's meeting with Sun Quan. The war faction and the peace faction in Soochow are increasingly competing with each other.
57. The dispute over Nanjun: did not happen. Sun Quan lent Nanjun to Liu Bei after Zhou Yu's death.
58. Guan Yu battles Huang Zhong: Liu Bei conquered Jingnan, and the four counties were watching the wind and surrendered. Huang Zhong surrendered together with Han Xuan, the governor of Changsha.
59. Marriage between Sun and Liu: The marriage between Mrs. Sun and Liu Bei was just a political marriage. It did not have the color of male love and female love, nor did Mrs. Sun throw herself into the river later.
60. Losing his wife and losing his troops: Sun Quan did not adopt Zhou Yu’s beauty trick.
61. Zhou Yu was narrow-minded: History books record Zhou Yu’s rational, generous and friendly style. And Zhuge has never even met, so how can he be jealous? Furthermore, Zhou Yu's generosity was famous during the Three Kingdoms period.
62. Diao Zhouyu: Diao Zhouyu is Pang Tong, not Zhuge Liang. During the two years from the end of the Battle of Chibi to Zhou Yu's death due to illness, Zhuge Liang was in the Lingling area.
63. Cutting off his beard and abandoning his robe: The battle was indeed fierce, but it was Ma Chao who suffered the defeat, and official history does not record that Cao Cao cut off his beard and abandoned his robe before escaping.
64. Xu Chu fought Ma Chao naked: There is no record that Ma Chao was even stared at by Xu Chu so that he did not dare to move.
65. Zhang Song presented the map: Liu Bei asked Zhang Song about the situation of soldiers, horses, food, money, etc. in Shu, so Zhang Song drew a map and gave it to Liu Bei.
66. Luofengpo: This is because Pang Tong died from an arrow when he attacked Luocheng.
67. Ma Chao fought against Zhang Fei: Ma Chao wrote a private letter to Liu Bei asking for surrender. There is no fact in the novel that Zhang Fei and Ma Chao fought for more than two hundred rounds without deciding the outcome, and were later surrendered by Zhuge Liang.
68. Conquest of Hanzhong: The commander-in-chief during the conquest of Hanzhong was Liu Bei, and Fazheng was the staff officer.
69. Plan to seize Tiandang Mountain: pure fiction.
70. Five Tiger Generals: Liu Bei did not name the "Five Tiger Generals". The Five Tiger Generals are because the biographies of Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Ma Chao, and Huang Zhong are placed in the same chapter in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms. Later generations called them the Five Tigers of Shu.
71. Zhou Cang, Hu Ban: fictional characters, no records in history. Hu Ban may refer to Shu general Wu Ban.
72. Guan Yu's Single Sword Meeting: An official banquet between Lu Su and Guan Yu. Lu Su ordered the generals of Soochow to hold single swords and go to the banquet hosted by Guan Yu.
73. Bone scraping to heal injuries: At this time, Hua Tuo had already died in the Battle of Chibi, and it was performed by ordinary military doctors.
74. Guan Yu's refusal to surrender in Maicheng: There is no record of explicit refusal to surrender in history, but "Jiang Biao Zhuan" records that Guan Yu used fake surrender to break out of the encirclement.
75. Capture of Guan Yu: It was not Pan Zhang, but his general Ma Zhong.
76. Yuquan Appears as a Saint and pursues Lü Meng’s life: Yuquan Appears as a Saint is adapted from the story of the construction of Yuquan Temple in the Tang Dynasty, and Lü Meng died of illness.
77. Guan Ping: Guan Yu’s eldest son, not his adopted son, he followed Yu to the army. His name only appears twice in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms.
78. Guan Xing: Weak Guan (nearly twenty years old) was appointed as a servant and supervisor of the army because of his talent. He died a few years after the Battle of Yiling.
79. Zhang Bao: Although he died young, he left an heir, Zhang Zun.
80. Death of Pan Zhang: Pan Zhang performed meritorious service for Sun Quan in the Battle of Yiling and killed Feng Xi and others. He died in 234.
81. Baidi Tuogu: When Liu Bei was dying, he Tuogu, Zhuge Liang and Li Yan still said to Zhuge Liang: "The king is ten times more talented than Cao Pi, and he will surely be able to secure the country and make great decisions. If the heir can assist him, he will assist him; if he is not talented, the king can help him." Pick it up yourself." The main situation is the same.
82. The Eight Formations: The Eight Formations are Zhuge Liang’s military art diagrams. The so-called eight formations are the Sky Covering Formation, the Earth Carrying Formation, the Wind Yang Formation, the Cloud Formation, the Dragon Flying Formation, and the Tiger Formation. Wing Formation, Bird Formation and Snake Pan Formation, each formation consists of thirty-two teams of soldiers. There are also records in "Jin Ji" by Qian Bao of the Jin Dynasty and "Shui Jing Zhu" by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty. But it’s not a stone formation or a maze.
83. Seven captures of Meng Huo: There is no record of seven captures of Meng Huo in "Three Kingdoms". However, "Han, Jin, Spring and Autumn" and "Huayang Guozhi" mentioned "seven captures and seven verticals", but the specific process is not recorded, and E Huan, Zhu Rong, Meng You, Mulu King, etc. were all created in novels.
84. Six Expeditions from Qishan: Zhuge Liang attacked Wei five times, but only the first and fourth time he left Qishan were blocked by Cao Zhen.
85. "Later's Discipline": Most people think that it is a false trust from later generations, not Zhuge Liang's work.
86. Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang: During Zhuge Liang's first three Northern Expeditions, the Wei army was not led by Sima Yi but by Cao Zhen.
87. Cao Zhen was angry to death: Cao Zhen died of illness in Luoyang.
88. Zhuge Liang cursed Wang Lang to death: Wang Lang died of illness in 228 and did not go to war with the army.
89. Zhuge Liang’s use of troops: Zhuge Liang is good at using troops to manage the army, but is not good at cunning strategies. His political achievements are the most dazzling.
90. Burning Shangfang Valley: Zhuge Liang defeated the Wei army in Lucheng, and Sima Yi only defended the camp with his own body. "Three Kingdoms" does not mention what kind of tactics were used to defeat the Wei army. Shaanxi rural legends are not much different from novels; Shangfang Valley, once said to be Hulu Valley, is suspected to be the nickname of Lucheng
91. Seven-star lanterns continue to live: fictional plot.
92. Wei Yan rebelled and was killed by Ma Dai: Wei Yan was at odds with Yang Yi, failed in the fight, was defeated and killed.
93. Great geographical relocation: move Taibai Mountain next to Qishan Mountain, move Chencang to the south of Jieting, even move Qishan Mountain to the sloping valley north of Baoxie Road, or move it to Wuzhangyuan nearby.
94. Zhuge Liang: Zhuge Liang’s talent in governing the country and the army, his character of helping the world, loving the people, and being modest and prudent set an example for various outstanding historical figures in later generations. Kings, ministers, intellectuals, and the people of all ages have praised him, praised him, and loved him from different perspectives. It can be said that Zhuge Liang's huge influence in history has exceeded his political and military practices in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Although "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" highlights the positive aspects of Zhuge Liang's life character, moral character, achievements, etc., it also exaggerates it infinitely, depicts him as the embodiment of wisdom, the representative of loyalty, and deifies him into a half-human and half-god superman. image. Lu Xun commented: "Zhuge Liang's wisdom is close to that of a demon." Therefore, Zhuge Liang in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is not a real historical figure, but a historical novel character.
95. Liu Bei: Chen Shou's evaluation of Liu Bei is: "He is generous and generous, knows people and treats people well, has the style of the great ancestor, and is a hero. He has entrusted the whole country to Zhuge Liang, but he has the same mind. The sincerity of the monarch and his ministers is the prevailing trend in ancient and modern times. The power of the government does not catch Wei Wu, so the foundation is also narrow." But he "will not give up, and will never be inferior."
In "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the author describes Liu Bei as the representative of "benevolence" and the orthodox successor of the Han Dynasty's imperial power. Therefore, he focuses on describing Liu Bei's character traits of benevolence, generosity, and understanding of others. He is extremely exaggerated, but in highlighting Although he is "benevolent", he falls into the "incompetent" side, giving people a feeling of "incompetence" and "hypocrisy". Liu Bei in TV dramas often sheds tears. Although crying and crying show Liu Bei's "benevolence", they also give people the impression that Liu Bei's world is made up of tears, distorting Liu Bei's true image as a "hero" and "hero".
96. Guan Yu: In history, Guan Yu was a tiger general who was "the enemy of ten thousand people". He was proud of his superiors but never regretted his inferiors. He had clear grudges and was famous for his loyalty. Inadequate wisdom. After Ma Chao surrendered to Liu Bei, he was named General Pingxi. At that time, Guan Yu was in charge of Jingzhou, and Zhuge Liang asked Zhuge Liang to "ask him who can compare with super talents." When Zhuge Liang replied, he said that although Ma Chao was a great man, he was not as good as Guan Yu's "unparalleled elite". Show guests". This is a typical character of a military commander who is brave but resourceful. But in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", because he is a member of Liu Bei's camp and has the characteristics of loyalty, he is portrayed as the embodiment of "righteousness". He followed Liu Bei and did not avoid hardships. Xiapi was captured and surrendered to Cao Cao, but he cared about Liu Bei and felt that Cao Cao treated him well. Therefore, before leaving Cao and returning to Liu, he killed Yuan Shao's general Yan Liang for Cao Cao to break the siege of Baima. However, in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", it is said that Guan Yu made three appointments when he surrendered at Xia Pi, and that Cao Cao treated him with generous gifts such as a small banquet every three days and a large banquet every five days. In short, in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the author spared no effort to portray Guan Yu as a "man with as much righteousness as a mountain", so his image has been seriously distorted.
97. Cao Cao: Cao Cao’s character in history was very complicated. Chen Shou believed that Cao Cao had the best strategy in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Give talents according to their own abilities, let them be as they please, and do not think about old evils." Cao Cao had been guarding the army for more than thirty years, but he never let go of the scrolls. He was good at poetry, cursive calligraphy, and Go. Live a frugal life and don’t wear fancy clothes. Discuss with others and laugh happily. "Any meritorious service should be rewarded, and no amount of gold should be spared; if there is no merit, no reward should be given." He is the first-class politician, military strategist and writer in Chinese history. However, in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", these good aspects of Cao Cao's character and moral character were ignored, while his cruel and treacherous side was exaggerated. Therefore, Cao Cao in Luo Guanzhong's works is a typical villain who is cunning, cruel, willful, and suspicious.
98. Zhou Yu: Zhou Yu in history was "magnificent in character", humble and persuasive, and "elegant and noble". Liu Bei called him "a strategist in both civil and military affairs and a hero among thousands of people". Sun Quan praised him for having "the qualifications of a king's assistant". But in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Zhou Yu became Zhuge Liang's bottom figure. Writing about Zhou Yu is to promote Zhuge Liang. Therefore, Zhou Yu in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is narrow-minded and always inferior to Zhuge Liang in intelligence. He is not at all like the "majestic and heroic" Zhou Yu who was praised by Su Shi and "a romantic figure through the ages."
99. Lu Su: If in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", although the characters and images of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others are distorted, there is still some basis for it, then, Lu Su Except for their names, almost all the people in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" are made up. Lu Su in history "though he was in the military formation, he never let go of the scroll", "thought far ahead" and "had extraordinary wisdom". When he first met Sun Quan, he proposed the policy of founding the country: to establish a foothold in the east of the Yangtze River, to reject Cao Cao in the north, to wait for the opportunity to eliminate Huang Zu, to advance to Liu Biao, to seize the Yangtze River, and then to establish the title of emperor to benefit the world. This is similar to Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui". When Cao Cao's army marched south to Jingzhou, Sun Quan's subordinates all surrendered. Only Lu Su advocated resisting Cao Cao and persuaded Sun Quan to recall Zhou Yu to fight against Shang Zhan and stick to the plan. After the Battle of Chibi, he advocated supporting Liu to fight against Cao. In the history of Soochow, Lu Su was actually a Zhuge Liang-like figure, and Sun Quan also admired him very much. The establishment and development of the State of Wu basically followed the political and strategic guidelines proposed by Lu Su.
But in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Lu Su became the victim of the wits battle between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, and was a typical example of being fooled and bullied