What do you mean by general and specific?
For example, this boy refers to a boy whose name you and I both know.
Do you like the boy who is playing basketball? Do you like the boy who plays basketball?
Corresponding to this is the model, which generally means that there will be an indefinite article A or an before the noun, indicating a boy.
A boy is playing basketball. A boy is playing basketball.
Detailed:
Articles and pronouns have the difference between general reference and specific reference
Pay attention to whether the article is added before a noun with a general meaning or a noun with a specific meaning, which needs to be judged from the context.
1, the general reference and specific reference of pronouns
One, one, it, that, those.
One is to replace the singular nouns that appeared before, which is a general concept, equivalent to a/an+ singular nouns; Ones is used to replace the plural nouns that appeared before, and it is also a general concept; Used to replace what appeared in front, it is a substitute of the same name; That is used to replace the nouns that appeared before, which can be singular or uncountable nouns, equivalent to+(singular/uncountable) nouns; Those are used to replace plural nouns, which is a specific concept, equivalent to the plural of+nouns, but often used in the other side (a batch) between the two.
Bridges made of stone are stronger than those made of wood.
Bridges made of stone are stronger than those made of wood.
One instead of a bridge means one kind of thing, not one.
The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than that in Beijing in summer.
The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than that in Beijing in summer.
The object of comparison is "weather".
I lost my pen. I'll buy it.
I lost my pen. I'll buy one.
It can only replace what appeared before, especially because you can't buy the pen you lost. One is a general concept, which conforms to the meaning of the sentence.
No, no one, nothing.
None can refer to both people and things, and it must be a concrete concept, which is often used to answer how much/how much; ; No one can only refer to people, and it can only be a general concept, which is often used to answer questions guided by who. The "nothing" that denies everything is often used to answer the question of what leads to it.
There are 20 people around, but no one helps the old man.
There are 20 people around, but no one helps the old man.
This should refer to the people present, and the phrase of is omitted after none.
What is in the box? -none.
[Sure]-What's in the box? Nothing.
There is no question of denying everything and answering anything.
2, the specific reference and general reference of the article
The definite article The means concrete, and the indefinite article a/an means general.
The definite article is used before nouns to express a specific meaning, that is, a specific person, thing, etc. Especially when there is an attribute behind a noun, the definite article the is usually used before the noun.
When the indefinite article A expresses the concept of "one", its meaning is similar to that of "one".
The indefinite article is used before nouns such as quantity and time, meaning "price, speed, order, etc." Every (unit) "
Details are as follows:
1, generally refers to the first mentioned, infinite people or things. Specifically refers to the person or thing mentioned above, or the person or thing whose meaning is limited by restrictive modifiers. It can also refer to the person or thing that two speakers refer to by default.
2. Indefinite articles modify countable nouns, indicating "one"; The definite article can modify both countable nouns and uncountable nouns, often indicating a specific meaning. It means "this". As long as singular countable nouns are not used in abstract context, articles (or indefinite articles or definite articles) must be added.
3. The indefinite article a(n) is used for abstract nouns with or without adjectives, two meals a day with adjectives, season and date.
4. Before the indefinite article a(n) is used in ordinal numbers, it means time and time again (for example, the second language is another foreign language).
The indefinite article a(n) means "every". A: One thousand yuan a month.
One thousand yuan a month)
7. The indefinite article a(n) is used before the plural noun with many modifiers. Many times).
8. The indefinite article a(n) is used before nouns with plural form but singular meaning. (1000 miles)
9. The indefinite article a(n) is used before some nouns that used to be verbs. (eg for a walk)
10, there are some abstract nouns: advice (suggestion), behavior (behavior), fortune (luck), fun (entertainment), information (intelligence), progress (progress), damage (injury), injury (injury) and so on. Even with adjectives, there is no indefinite article.
1 1, used in some fixed phrases.
A few, a little, a lot, a little, a few, suddenly (suddenly), in fact (actually), in a hurry, in short, have fun and be someone. Help, visit, usually, in general, talk to someone in a certain way and on a certain scale within a day or two. Make a living, be proud of it, take a walk (rest, take a bath, sit down), a lot of, unfortunately, colds (headaches, fever), a lot of A (many), colds.
12, in some idioms, whether to use the article or not has different meanings, and sometimes even great differences, so we should pay special attention to it when using it.
Go to be a sailor
Go to the seaside
From now on, in the future.
In the future.
One earth, what the hell?
On earth, on earth.
Go to school (church …) Go to school (church …)
Go to school (church …) Go to school (church).
In front of ... In front of ... ...
In front of ... In front of ... ...
Riding a horse.