Complete collection of detailed data of atmospheric environment
Chinese name: Atmospheric environment refers to: chemical and biological characteristics, physical characteristics: air temperature, humidity, wind speed and other reasons: solar radiation, important power, pollution impact, impact prediction, atmospheric quality, atmospheric weight, atmospheric humidity, atmospheric pressure, natural phenomena, wind formation, light phenomenon, aurora, mirage, rainbow and neon, protective measures, and importance. Just like fish living in water, we humans live at the bottom of the earth's atmosphere and can't live without it for a moment. The atmosphere provides an ideal environment for the reproduction of life on earth and the development of human beings. Its state and changes always affect human activities and survival everywhere. Atmospheric science is the study of the atmosphere. It studies the specific situation of the atmosphere, including its composition, distribution and change, the structure, basic properties and dynamic laws of the dominant state of the atmosphere. The movement of the atmosphere is caused by the exchange of heat energy in the atmosphere, which mainly comes from the sun. The exchange of heat energy makes the temperature of the atmosphere rise and fall. The movement of air and the change of air pressure system make the energy and materials between land, north and south, ground and sky exchange continuously, resulting in complex meteorological and climate changes. Based on fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, atmospheric science will deeply study various circulation systems and weather systems in the atmosphere, as well as the essence and phenomena of atmospheric movement from the aspects of pressure change, pressure field and pressure system formed by uneven pressure distribution, various situations of air movement in various layers of the atmosphere, wind phenomena and properties. Phenomenologically speaking, weather is mainly the result of moisture changes in the atmosphere. Under the combined action of solar radiation, underlying surface forcing and atmospheric circulation, the long-term comprehensive situation of weather is called climate. Atmospheric science will study the causes of climate, climate conditions in different regions, climate change and the impact of human activities on climate. Pollution affects the impact of air pollution on the physical state of the atmosphere, mainly causing abnormal changes in climate. Sometimes this change is obvious, sometimes it happens in the form of gradual change, which is difficult for ordinary people to detect, but if left unchecked, the consequences may be very serious. The atmosphere is constantly changing, and its natural change process is quite slow. The change caused by human activities is imminent, which has aroused the keen attention of the whole world. The world has mobilized a lot of manpower and material resources for research, prevention and treatment. Controlling air pollution and protecting the environment have become an important cause of contemporary mankind. The atmosphere is a mixed gas. It is colorless and tasteless, and people usually can't see its existence. The main components of the atmosphere are oxygen and nitrogen. Other gases, such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ozone and water vapor, only account for 1% of the total volume of the atmosphere. Impact prediction Atmospheric environmental impact prediction is used to judge the degree and scope of atmospheric environmental impact on the evaluation scope after the completion of the project. The commonly used atmospheric environmental impact prediction method is to simulate the physical and chemical mechanisms such as transportation, diffusion, transformation and removal of pollutants in the atmosphere under various meteorological and topographic conditions by establishing mathematical models. The steps of atmospheric environmental impact prediction are generally: (1) determine the prediction factors. (2) Determine the forecast range. (3) Determine the calculation point. (4) Determine the calculation list of pollution sources. (5) Determine meteorological conditions. (6) Determine the terrain data. (7) Determine the forecast content and set the forecast scenario. (8) Select the prediction mode. (9) Determine the relevant parameters in the mode. (10) for atmospheric environmental impact prediction and evaluation. Air quality provides technical support for further improving the quality of atmospheric environment, mainly including: comprehensive dust suppression technology: dust is one of the main pollutants in urban air, which harms the environment and human health and has become a difficult problem in urban pollution control. There are many key technologies for comprehensive dust suppression, such as biological nano-film dust suppression technology, cloud dust suppression technology and wet dust removal technology. Biological nano-film dust suppression technology is to add biological nano-film at the source of dust generation. Biological nano-film is a double ionospheric film with nano-layer spacing, which has a special structure of atomic level and high activity. When it meets other molecules, it can quickly combine with industrial and building dust including inhalable dust, so that the dust aggregate particles have stable surface and interface effects, thus realizing the rapid deposition of dust and inhibiting the generation of dust in the whole production line. Cloud dust suppression technology and spray dust removal are one of the most effective dust removal methods. The spray dust removal device will produce water mist, which will combine with dust particles in the air to form a mass of dust and water mist, which will be settled by gravity. Excessive water mist particles crowd out dusty air, so it is not easy to collide with dust particles due to turbulence, and the possibility of reunion with fine dust particles is very small; However, too small water mist particles are easy to evaporate and cannot capture dust. The probability of collision between water mist particles and dust particles with the same or similar volume is high. Water mist particles collide and condense with dust particles to form aggregates, which become larger and heavier until they finally settle naturally, thus achieving the purpose of eliminating dust. The supporting equipment of cloud dust suppression technology can automatically spray cloud-like ion clouds continuously or intermittently, with long effective spraying distance and strong wind resistance, forming an efficient dust-proof wall to capture and condense dust, with fine droplets and less water consumption, which does not affect the appearance and quality of subsequent processes and finished products, and also prolongs the service life of production equipment. Wet dust removal technology absorbs the air attached to dust particles through pressure drop, and removes dust under the dual effects of centrifugal force and mixing of water and dust gas, which can efficiently treat dust of various materials and sizes, including micron-sized fine particles. The unique impeller design can produce higher pressure drop and airflow speed, thus providing higher dust removal efficiency. The design of the exhaust fan has also been fully estimated to ensure that it meets the needs of system upgrade and higher pressure drop. The supporting equipment of wet dust removal technology can provide sludge output in three ways: manual removal, automatic dredging and continuous sewage discharge. The uniquely designed baffle can remove water droplets remaining in the air, and the dust removal efficiency can be flexibly adjusted by changing the height of the baffle. In the process of use, the minimum pressure drop and suitable power can be determined according to the particle size of dust, so as to realize the best combination of high efficiency dust removal and low cost. Atmospheric weight The atmosphere is a colorless, odorless and transparent gas, but it also has a certain weight like other substances. It is determined that the density of air is 0.00 1.29g/cm3 at zero degrees Celsius and standard atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric humidity Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or the degree of atmospheric humidity. Humidity can be expressed in several ways: water vapor pressure, absolute humidity, relative humidity and dew point. Atmospheric pressure The atmosphere has weight, so it must have pressure. We call the weight of atmospheric column per unit area atmospheric pressure, which is atmospheric pressure. Air pressure is usually expressed in two ways: millimeter and millibar. In the standard state, the atmospheric pressure at that time is equal to the pressure generated by 760mm Hg, and 760mm atmospheric pressure is equivalent to1013.25mbar. Why does the clear sky look blue? Natural phenomena The clear sky is blue. When sunlight enters the atmosphere, it will scatter when it meets atmospheric molecules and particles suspended in the atmosphere. These atmospheric molecules become the light source of scattered light. They shine in all directions. In the solar spectrum, light waves with shorter wavelengths such as violet, blue and cyan are most easily scattered by atmospheric molecules and particles. Light waves with longer wavelengths such as red, orange and yellow have the strongest transmittance and can penetrate atmospheric molecules and keep their original direction. In this way, light waves are separated and colors appear. A mirage in a clear sky is in a hot summer or desert area. When the air near the ground is violently irradiated by the sun, the temperature will rise very high and the air density will decrease, while the air in the upper layer is still cold and the air density is also high, so the light projected by various points of distant objects will deviate from the normal when passing through the air layers with different densities. When light strikes the earth's surface, total reflection will occur, so the light projected from the upper and lower points of distant objects will reach the observer's eyes along the concave road, and a "mirage" will appear. However, in areas with strong ground temperature inversion, especially in cold sea areas or areas covered with polar ice and snow, because of the high air density at the bottom and the low air density at the top, the light projected by objects can be refracted and totally reflected through it, forming a mirage. Acid rain Acid rain is acid rain. Sometimes acid rain is very strong, which often makes people feel irritable. Acid rain is a disastrous rain, which often causes serious ecological damage to nature and directly threatens the survival of animals and plants. Acid rain is a chemical reaction in the air after the factory burns a lot of oil and natural gas, which emits a lot of carbon dioxide, sulfur, nitrogen and oxides. Halo is formed by refraction or reflection of ice crystals when the sun and moonlight pass through cirrostratus. When light enters the ice crystals in cirrostratus, it is refracted twice and dispersed into light of various colors in different directions. In fact, when there is cirrostratus, countless ice crystals floating in the sky and those in the same circle around the sun can refract the same color light into our eyes, forming a halo of internal infrared violet. When there is a cirrostratus composed of ice crystals in the sky, one or more colored rings with infrared violet in the center of the sun and the moon often appear around the sun and the moon, and sometimes there are many colored or white spots and arcs. Light spots and arcs are collectively called halos. Atmospheric pressure changes with the height of the atmosphere, because the air itself has weight, and the earth has a gravitational effect on matter. The closer the center distance is, the greater the gravity is. Therefore, the closer the atmosphere is to the site, the greater the density, and the closer it is to the sky, the thinner it is. The air pressure also changes with the temperature. This is because gas has the function of expanding with heat and contracting with cold. When the temperature is low, the gas contracts, the density increases and the pressure increases. On the contrary, when the temperature is high, the gas expands and the density decreases, so the air pressure also decreases. The types of clouds are classified according to height, and clouds can usually be divided into four types; Namely, high clouds, middle clouds, low clouds and straight clouds. The height of high clouds is more than 6 kilometers, which are usually divided into cirrus, cirrostratus and cirrocumulus. The height of the cloud bottom is between 2500 meters and 6000 meters, which is generally divided into high-level clouds and cumulus clouds; The height of low cloud base is less than 2500m, which can be divided into stratocumulus, stratocumulus and nimbostratus. The height of the cloud bottom in the vertical exhibition is less than 2500 meters, which can be divided into cumulus and accumulated rain. Cumulonimbus cloud: The cloud is very thick, and it is as big as a towering mountain. The top began to freeze and the outline was blurred. Some have a silky fiber structure and the bottom is very black. There are often rain banners and broken rain clouds. The harm of frost crops is composed of many cells. When the temperature drops below zero degrees Celsius, the water between crop cells begins to freeze. It is known from physics that when an object freezes, its volume will expand. Therefore, when the ice particles between cells increase, the cells will be compressed, and the water in the cells will be forced to seep out. If the cells lose too much water, the original gel inside will gradually solidify. Especially after the frost and the temperature suddenly rises again, the water oozing from the crops will soon become steam and be lost, and the water lost by the cells will not be recovered, and the crops will die. Why does the atmosphere move when the wind forms? What drives it to move? The reason is complicated. Horizontal wind, vertical updraft and irregular turbulence all have their complicated causes. Let's talk about the cause of the wind first. Since the barometer appeared in the17th century, it has provided people with the key to find the mystery of the wind after pointing out the fact that air has weight and therefore pressure. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, the first distribution map of air pressure and wind was drawn according to the observation data of air pressure and wind in various places. This picture not only shows that the wind blows from the high pressure area to the low pressure area, but also points out that the travel route of the wind does not blow directly from the high pressure area to the low pressure area, but deviates from an angle to the right. 100 years, people have grasped the clue of the relationship between air pressure and wind, and further explored and summarized a set of relatively complete theories about wind. Where does the wind blow? Why does the wind sometimes blow very fast and strong, but sometimes it is lazy and weak and disappears? This is completely dominated by the objective laws of contradictory movements such as high and low air pressure and cold and warm in the atmosphere. People not only use this law to explain the cause of wind, but also use these laws to predict the direction of wind. Every place on the earth is absorbing the heat of the sun, but because every part of the ground is heated unevenly and the air temperature rises to different degrees, the warm air expands lighter and then rises; Cold air cools and becomes heavier and then falls, and cold and warm air flows to form wind. In meteorology, wind often refers to the horizontal movement of air, which is expressed by wind direction, wind speed (or wind force). Wind direction refers to the direction of the wind, which is generally expressed by 16 directions or 360 degrees. When expressed in 360 degrees, it is measured clockwise from the north. Wind speed refers to the travel of air in unit time, which is usually expressed in meters/seconds, kilometers/hours and nautical miles/hours. 1805, the British F. Beaufort obtained the wind grade table after many revisions according to the influence of wind on the ground (or sea) objects. Wind speed (m) * sea surface wave height of land image (m) 0 No wind 0.0-0.2 Smog 0.0 1 soft wind 0.3-10.5 Smoke shows wind direction, and there is no water drop at microwave peak 0.010.2 Small wind10.6-3. 4 breeze 5.5-7.9 blows up dust, small waves, foam peak 1.0 5 strong wind 8.0- 10.7 small trees sway, wave breaking foam peak 2.0 6 strong wind 10.8- 13.8 wire sound waves to a drop of 3.0 7 strong wind/kloc-0. The hard-to-break peaks formed into a damaged branch with a gale of magnitude 4.0 8 17.2-20.7, and the waves grew higher with the waves. Small damaged houses were damaged with a gale of magnitude 5.5 9-20.8-24.4, and the waves rolled over the uprooted trees with a gale of magnitude 7.0 10, and roared 9.01/. The peak values are all in the form of water droplets 1 1.5 12 hurricane 32.7- destructive waves 14.0 Note: the wind speed listed in this table refers to the light phenomenon of wind speed at 10 meter above the ground. Aurora is an atmospheric optical phenomenon. When sunspots and flares are active, the sun will emit a large number of strongly charged particles, which move to the north and south poles along the magnetic lines of the geomagnetic field. It enters the upper atmosphere of the earth at an extremely fast speed, and its energy is equivalent to the explosive power of tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of hydrogen bombs. Because charged particles are fast, when they collide with atoms in the air, electrons in the outer layer of the atoms gain energy. When the energy gained by these electrons is released, a visible light beam will be emitted. This charming color is aurora. There are two big magnetic fields at the poles of the earth. Due to the influence of the earth's magnetic field, the flight path of charged particles will be biased towards two poles. There are more particle streams formed at the poles than in the middle latitudes, so people have more opportunities to observe the aurora in the high latitudes. What appears in the North Pole is called the Northern Lights, and what appears in the South Pole is called the Southern Lights. Aurora usually has many shapes, such as ribbon, arc, curtain or radial. Because air contains gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, neon and argon, different gases emit different light under the action of charged particle flow. For example, neon emits red light and argon emits blue light, so the color of aurora is colorful and changeable. Aurora often appears suddenly, and then disappears suddenly after a continuous period of time. In Sweden, Norway, the former Soviet Union and northern Canada, you can see about 65,438+000 auroras a year, mostly in spring and autumn. In the Hudson Bay area in northern Canada, the aurora is seen as many as 240 times a year. In Mohe, Heilongjiang Province, the northernmost part of China, people can often see the colorful Northern Lights. Aurora mirage in hot summer or desert area, when the air near the ground is violently irradiated by the sun, the temperature rises very high and the air density decreases, while the air on the upper layer is still cold and the air density is high, so the light projected by distant objects at various points will deviate from the normal when passing through air layers with different densities. When light strikes the earth's surface, total reflection will occur, so the light projected from the upper and lower points of distant objects will reach the observer's eyes along the concave road, and a "mirage" will appear. However, in areas with strong ground temperature inversion, especially in cold sea areas or areas covered with polar ice and snow, because of the high air density at the bottom and the low air density at the top, the light projected by objects can be refracted and totally reflected through it, forming a mirage. Rainbow and neon: Atmospheric light images caused by refraction, light splitting, internal reflection, re-refraction, etc. When light shines on raindrops at a certain angle, it will be refracted in raindrops, and light of various colors will deviate, among which violet light has the largest refraction, red light has the smallest refraction, and other light is in between. After being reflected by the trailing edge of raindrops, the refracted light will be refracted into our eyes through raindrops and the atmosphere. Because there are many raindrops suspended in the air, when people look up at the sky, raindrops on the same arc reflect different colors of light at the same angle, so we see ultraviolet and red ribbons, that is, rainbows. Neon: Sometimes you can see a second rainbow outside the rainbow. Its luster is slightly lighter than the first rainbow, and its color sequence is ultraviolet and red. It is called the second rainbow or neon. The difference between neon and rainbow is only greater than the second internal reflection of light in raindrops, so when light passes through raindrops and shines on our eyes, the arc of light is just the opposite of rainbow. The weight, humidity and pressure of the atmosphere. The countermeasure of global warming is to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. At present, the most feasible way is to plant trees extensively and strengthen greening. Stop deforestation. The photosynthesis of sunlight absorbs and fixes a large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Protect the ozone layer, reduce and gradually ban the emission of ozone-depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons, and actively develop new refrigeration systems. Prevention of acid rain We know that sulfur oxides, hydroxides and their salts emitted by fossil fuel combustion are the main causes of acid rain, so reducing the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides is the most fundamental way. 1 Establish strict atmospheric environmental quality standards, limit emissions from stationary pollution sources and automobile pollution sources, and strengthen the management of emission control points. Adjust the energy structure, increase the proportion of energy sources with no pollution or less pollution, and develop energy sources such as solar energy, nuclear energy, hydropower, wind energy and geothermal energy that do not produce acid rain pollution. Actively develop and utilize new coal technology, popularize coal purification technology and conversion technology, improve coal burning technology, improve pollutant control technology, and adopt major measures such as flue gas desulfurization and denitrification technology. Strengthen the monitoring and scientific research of air pollution, grasp the emission and migration of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere in time, and understand the temporal and spatial changes and development trends of acid rain, so as to take timely countermeasures. Adjust the industrial layout, transform enterprises with serious pollution, improve production technology, improve energy efficiency and reduce pollution emissions. The earth is the home of all mankind. The atmospheric environment is shared by all mankind regardless of national boundaries and races.