Did Zhu Yunwen, the emperor of Wen Jian in the Ming Dynasty, burn to death in his palace or die of illness?

Problem description:

The most important thing is to have classics as evidence.

Analysis:

Jian Wendi Zhu Yunwen

Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, was a great emperor in history. He is a cowherd and a young monk in a temple. After more than ten years of military service, he swept away the heroic decline, overthrew the Yuan Dynasty in one fell swoop, and created the Daming Foundation. He knows that it is difficult to start a business and stay in business, so he attaches great importance to the cultivation of successors. When he acceded to the throne, he made his eldest son, Zhu Biao, the Crown Prince, and invited Confucianism, Song Lian and others to be the teachers of the Prince, hoping to train Zhu Biao into a wise master of a generation. However, unexpected events happened. In April of the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), the crown prince Zhu Biao, who was only 38 years old, died young, and was called "Prince Wen Yi" in history, which made Zhu Yuanzhang extremely sad. Zhu Yuanzhang's eldest son inheritance system was tested, and Zhu Yuanzhang had to choose a successor again. According to the eldest son inheritance system, Zhu Biao's eldest son, Zhu Xiongying, was the only choice. Unfortunately, he died 10 years ago, so Zhu Biao's second son, Zhu Yunwen, became the first choice. But Zhu Yuanzhang was worried that Zhu Yunwen was gentle and could not shoulder the heavy responsibility of governing the country. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang also considered choosing from several sons. Zhu, the second son of Qin dynasty, is the longest at this time, but it is really ridiculous. Judy, the fourth prince of Yan State, is a good candidate. On one occasion, when Zhu Yuanzhang revealed the possibility of establishing a prince to several confidant ministers, Liu Sanwu, a bachelor of Hanlin, thought it impossible. "Set up a prince and put the kings of Qin Jin in the ground?" Moreover, the emperor's eldest grandson has returned to his heart, and the emperor has no worries. "Zhu Yuanzhang made up his mind that in September, he made Zhu Yunwen the great-grandson of the emperor. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang died of illness, and Zhu Yunwen, the great-grandson of the emperor, was made the throne. In his testamentary edict, Zhu Yuanzhang said that Zhu Yunwen was "benevolent and filial", which is recognized by historians. When Zhu Yunwen 14 years old, his father, Prince Zhu Biao, was seriously ill and had a big sarcoma, which made him miserable. Zhu Yunwen served him wholeheartedly and accompanied him day and night. After Zhu Biao's death, Zhu Yunwen took his three younger brothers together, and took good care of their diet and daily life, without making them feel lonely. Zhu Yuanzhang had a bad temper before his death, and many people were worried about disaster. Zhu Yunwen personally served him and often couldn't sleep all night, but he didn't complain.

Zhu Yunwen, a benevolent and filial friend, was pushed to the peak of power at the age of 2 1, inherited Zhu Yuanzhang's initiative to unify the whole country, and changed his country name to Wen Jian. However, careful ministers will find that the new king's face is not a surprise of reigning in the world, but more of a sad face. Yes, there are two problems facing the young emperor: first, how to change the severe political atmosphere formed by Mao since the founding of the People's Republic of China; The second is how to solve the situation that Mao enfeoffed the princes. Perhaps Zhu Maoyuan Zhang didn't think before his death that the grandson of this seemingly weak emperor began to change the Ming Dynasty he established at the beginning of his rule.

Wen Jian New Deal

During the Hongwu period, after the rectification of Mao Zhu Yuanzhang, the country was unified, the society was stable, the economy resumed development, and the official administration was much clearer than before. However, his nature is "good at suspicion and killing", and he has repeatedly been promoted to prison and killed people at will. The political atmosphere is very dignified, and ministers of civil and military affairs are afraid of themselves. Wen Jian had a deep understanding of this, and began to reform at the beginning of his succession, which changed some disadvantages of Zhu Yuanzhang, and was called "Wen Jian New Deal" in history.

The Scholars. Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang won the world by force, which naturally formed a right-leaning situation. When Hong Wushi was in the military yamen, the left and right governors of the military yamen were all of one quality, and the governor was also of one quality, while the six ministers were only of one quality. "Daming Law" clearly stipulates that civil servants are not allowed to be vassals, so Liu Ji, Zhu Yuanzhang's main counselor, only has the title of "sincerity", and many military commanders have to be vassals, saying that there are many princes. In this situation, the position of civil servants in discussing state affairs can be imagined.

Emperor Wen Jian intends to end his grandfather's militaristic political style and strengthen the role of civil servants in state affairs. When he first boarded Dabao, he decided that the New Year's number was "Wen Jian", which was in sharp contrast with Nai's grandfather "Hongwu", from which we can see the change of Emperor Wen Jian's strategy of governing the country. He also immediately upgraded the six histories to a first class, opened the imperial examination, and issued a letter to recommend outstanding people in literature and awarded official positions.

Several ministers with heavy responsibilities around Wen Jian are also gifted scholars who read poetry books. Qi Tai, the minister of the Ministry of War, took the first place in Tianfu township examination in the seventeenth year of Hongwu (1384) and was a scholar the following year. Huang Zicheng, secretary of Taichang Temple and a bachelor of Hanlin, won the top prize in the 18th year of Hongwu (1385), which is the same as Qitai. Fang Xiaoru, the Hanlin lecturer, is the main counselor around Wen Jian. When he was young, he was famous for his cleverness and alertness, and later studied under the famous contemporary Confucian Song Lian. His poems were highly praised by his contemporaries. It is said that when he ascended the throne in Nanking, Yao, a strange monk, was afraid of killing him and pleaded for him, saying that it was impossible to kill Fang Xiaoru's seeds for studying abroad. It is precisely because most of the ministers Wen Jian relied on were literati that he called this new court "the literati court". In this case, the literati gained a higher political status than before, and they no longer had to worry about being convicted by one sentence like Hong. Therefore, they had great courage, dared to express their opinions on state affairs and were loyal to Wen Jian, which is why a large number of literati were willing to die for Wen Jian.

Save the prison by lenient punishment. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang ruled the country by being strong and fierce, and used heavy punishment in troubled times, and the extrajudicial punishment was serious. He believes: "When the law is strict, people will know that they are afraid. If they are afraid, there will be fewer offenders and the lives of the whole people will be protected. If the law is lenient, people will be slow. If people are slow, there will be more offenders, and people's lives will not be guaranteed. " As a result, the prison was repeatedly built and many people died; Many terrible punishments are also used, such as cramping, peeling, * * *, years and so on. So the convicted ministers knelt down and begged, "I should be punished for my crimes and thank God for his kindness.". Comparatively speaking, being beheaded is lucky.

When Wen Jian was the great-grandson of the emperor, he realized that Taizu had used excessive punishment, so he tried to change this situation after he ascended the throne. When he was a great-grandson, he asked his grandfather to revise the Daming Law. He compared the Daming Law with the laws of past dynasties, and thought that the Daming Law used excessive punishment and amended some laws with heavier punishment. His father, Zhu Biao, practiced handling state affairs and was lenient. When Zhu Biao died, Mao still barked, just like his father. At that time, he won wide acclaim. Now that he has acceded to the throne, he wants to completely correct Hongwu's bureaucracy and try to create a harmonious leniency policy. Just over a month after he ascended the throne, Wen Jian wrote to the whole country, asking for leniency and rehabilitating unjust imprisonment. During the Hongwu period, some unjust, false and misjudged cases were corrected, a group of innocent officials were freed, and those who were sent to distant places were able to return to their hometowns. According to records, the number of criminals in Wen Jian Dynasty was two-thirds less than that in Hongwu Dynasty. These measures taken by Wen Jian are actually an adjustment to Zhu Yuanzhang's severe punishment, and also reflect the different ruling style from Mao.

Tax reduction. In the first month of the first year of Wen Jian (1399), Wen Jian ordered the reduction of land tax in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Since the early Ming Dynasty, the land tax in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces was obviously heavier than that in other places, because Zhu Yuanzhang hated the gentry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces' attachment to Zhang Shicheng. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang specially stipulated that Jiangsu and Zhejiang people were not allowed to work in the housing department to prevent Jiangsu and Zhejiang people from favoring their hometown. Emperor Wen Jian of the Jade Belt Bridge in the Ming Palace believed that heavy taxes in Jiangsu and Zhejiang were only a temporary punishment and should not be customized. Due to the reduction of land tax, people from eastern Zhejiang can naturally serve as officials of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. He also ordered monks and Taoist priests to occupy no more than 5 mu of land each, and the surplus should be retired and distributed to farmers.

However, when Emperor Wen Jian grew up in a stable life, he was influenced by Confucianism and lacked understanding of reality. Moreover, most of his ministers are scholars, and idealism is inevitable in the reform. He accepted Fang Xiaoru's suggestion and even wanted to restore the mining system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. He also used some official names in Zhou Li to reform some official positions according to the ancient system. China's later intellectuals have a strong ancient worship complex, and their words will be called three generations. It seems that the system at that time was perfect, and the society at that time was ideal, which was not as good as before. In fact, whether the well-field system has really been implemented is still controversial. Even if there is an oil well system, it is meaningless to restore these systems under today's circumstances. From this point, we can easily find that Wen Jian Group's strong literati atmosphere became one of the main reasons for his ultimate national subjugation.

Determined to cut down the vassals. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang personally designed and formulated a number of important policies to ensure the long-term stability of the Ming Dynasty, and fixed them in the form of admonition, requiring future generations to strictly abide by them. Go to hell, a minister, dare to speak casually. The enfeoffment of the sovereign state is an important policy. Zhu Yuanzhang was a prisoner of 25 people (24 sons and one subordinate grandson) in Hongwu for three years (1370), eleven years (1378) and twenty-four years (139 1), and was distributed to all parts of the country. Zhu Yuanzhang believes that "the world is big, we must build a screen to protect our country and live and work in peace and contentment." Since today's philosophers are long, they should have their own titles and be divided into towns and countries. "The king of San Francisco is very powerful and has his own army, ranging from three thousand to tens of thousands. In particular, several "Wang Sai" on the northern border line have the power to command the army. For example, Zhu Quan, the king of Ning, "took 80,000 armour and 6,000 wagons", and even Duo Yan Sanwei had to listen to his command. Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's original intention was to ensure Zhujiajiang Mountain with the princes. Unexpectedly, although he pulled out the sharp thorn of the arrogant soldier for his successor, he left another sharp thorn of Zongfan, and his self-esteem was too great to fail. At that time, people of insight had clearly realized that Zongfan was one of the "three worries" (the other two were border defense and river disaster) and went to Taizu many times. Zhu Yuanzhang did not allow anyone to change this policy or even kill it. However, he didn't expect that his grandson lost the throne shortly after his death, which is a great irony.

The self-respect and one-sided situation of the captaincy's mercenaries has become a big worry for Wen Jian, which often makes him sleepless. Wen Jian know, although he is the son of heaven, but most c headed by Judy is his uncle, eyeing, may not put himself in the eye. He still clearly remembers that once only the prince was with him. The prince patted him on the back with his hand and said to him in a joking tone, "What an unexpected day!" " This scene happened to be seen by Zhu Maoyuan Zhang. He asked Judy how dare she be so rude. Emperor Wen Jian quickly forgave Judy, but his heart could not be calm for a long time. From then on, he began to consider how to deal with the problem of patriarch and vassal.

That is, after the emperor ascended the throne, Wen Jian relied on Qi Tai, Huang Zicheng and others to separate governors and put them into practice. The first goal of the emperor's surrender is Zhou. Wen Jian ordered Li Jinglong to arrive at Kaifeng House in the name of the northern army. While the king of Zhou was unprepared, he was suddenly arrested and escorted to the capital. Wen Jian sent Zhou Wang to a "foul" Hua Meng, and later recalled him to Beijing and put him in prison. Why did you choose Zhou Wang first? Zhou Wangzhu, the fifth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, was named Zhou Wang in the 11th year of Hongwu (1378) and 14th year (138 1). This time, Zhou Wang was stripped nominally because Zhou Wang's second son exposed his "conspiracy". In fact, there is another reason. Among the princes, Judy, the prince of Yan, was the strongest and most ambitious. His opponent has always been Judy, the emperor of Zhou, and the person who cut the princes this time is the same mother and brother of Zhou. Both of them were born to princesses (see the next section for objections on this issue), and they are the closest. Therefore, Wen Jian first abolished the King of Zhou, intending to go to the brothers and sisters of the Prince. Subsequently, the four kings, Xiang, Qi, Dai and Min, were successively abolished, aiming at the prince.

On the issue of cutting vassals, courtiers have different opinions. Some ministers, represented by Gao Wei, the former commander of the army, and Zhuo Jing, the assistant minister of the household department, advocated adopting the method of "pushing favors" in the Han Dynasty to cut the vassals. They suggested that Emperor Wen Jian should enfeoffment the power of the captaincy to all the descendants of the captaincy, not only the eldest son, but also in different places, so that the power of the captaincy would gradually weaken and no longer threaten the court. Zhuo Jing even suggested that Wen Jian immediately move the prince to Nanchang, which not only maintained his family relationship, but also weakened his strength. Emperor Wen Jian thought it was good, but he didn't carry it out. Ministers headed by Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng insisted on cutting vassals, but they were different in specific strategies. Huang Zicheng thinks that the prince is powerful, so we should first weaken Xiao Wang of Zhou, Qi and Dai, remove the prince's wings, and then chop the prince when the time is right. Qi Tai advocates catching the thief first and the king first. As long as the prince is eliminated first, other kings will naturally be unable to resist. Unfortunately, his suggestion was adopted by scholar Huang Zicheng. Emperor Wen Jian didn't realize that his behavior actually scared him. Judy, the prince of Yan, is developing her own power and is ready to go. A big war is imminent.

An uncle's war

In July of the first year of Jian 'an, the prince of Yan, under the lobbying of Yao and others, launched an uprising in the name of Fang, and launched a four-year battle of uncles and nephews, known in history as the "Battle of Jingnan". "Jing Nan" means to eliminate disasters. This is the word used by the prince. For Emperor Wen Jian, this word is absurd. The prince fought against himself under the guise of "fighting for the imperial court". This is not a rebellion. What is it? (It should be noted that the court at this time is not his prince's, but his. ) There is an anonymous history book called "Difficult to Remember the Fengtian Classics", which describes the history of the four-year war. This book was written by the people of the Prince of Yan. Later, the contents of Volume 1 to Volume 9 of Records of Emperor Taizong before the Prince ascended the throne were based on this book. The Records of Emperor Taizong was followed by Records of Emperor Taizong, and there was no Records of Wen Jian in the middle. Wen Jian Dynasty became a nonexistent dynasty in the official history of Ming Dynasty. After Rebecca ascended the throne, he announced the cancellation of the title of Wen Jian. The first year of Wen Jian was called the Legacy Year of the Messenger, and the Wen Jian Dynasty was only called the "Waste Year". This is obviously the deductive logic of winning and losing. As a result, "Jingnan" has become a serious official historical term. However, since Emperor Wen Jian is the protagonist here, it is naturally inappropriate to summarize his history with terms he opposes, so this section is called "Uncle's War". In fact, it was my uncle who took my nephew's throne.

He thought that he was ready to break through the encirclement, and it was only a matter of time before Judy was captured, but he obviously underestimated the prince's ability. Before the war, in the name of guarding the border, Emperor Wen Jian dispatched the Prince's bodyguard and sent (bǐnɡ) and Xie Gui to Peiping to monitor the Prince's every move. Zhong Song has 30,000 troops stationed in Kaiping and troops in Shanhaiguan and Linqing to help protect the prince. It's just that Emperor Wen Jian didn't expect that Emperor Chu had the experience of unified military operations, and kept up with the crisis, destroying the surrounding troops one after another. In August, Wen Jian ordered Geng Bingwen to attack Yan with an army of 65,438+300,000, and he was defeated. In September, Li Jinglong was ordered to send 500,000 troops to the war. Li Jinglong is just an armchair strategist. Without actual combat experience, failure is inevitable. After Wen Jian knew the mediocrity of Li Jinglong, he used Sheng Yong, the hero who defended Jinan, as a general, and won the battle of Dongchang, but this did not change the fact that the influence of the prince was gradually increasing. In December of Wen Jian's third year, Zhu Di, the prince of Yan, turned to attack and led an army to Nanjing. On June 13, Li Jinglong and Gu Wang opened the Jinchuan Gate to welcome the surrender, and Judy won the final victory of the "Jingnan Battle".

It should be said that during Wen Jian's four years in office, the policies he actively pursued were basically correct and popular. Why did he end in failure? This is directly related to his strategic mistakes in the vassal regime. He always thought that Judy, the prince of Yan, was the biggest threat. However, he did not decisively point to the prince, but beheaded the other five princes first, giving Judy sufficient preparation time. At the beginning, Guo Ren, assistant minister of the household department, thought it was a strategic mistake to behead the five kings first, and advocated using the prince as soon as possible: "Everything in the world comes first, and then it is easy. What is the result of storing grain millet in Nanjing Chaotian Palace today and preparing to build the army? The move of discussing Zhou in the north, Hunan in the south and cutting Yan has been uncertain for many years. In fact, it is to give up the foundation and calculate the end. Fighting is extremely expensive, and the spirit is exhausted, and appeasement will follow. As the saying goes, you can't wear it at the end of a strong crossbow. I am afraid that the court will sit still. " This passage of Guo Ren is undoubtedly correct today, but Wen Jian didn't realize it at that time.

It was unexpected for Emperor Wen Jian to lose the throne because of the separatist regime. When Rebecca Judy captured Nanjing, the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian became the focus of attention. The Prince of Yan started his army in the name of "Jun Qing side", and everyone could see that he was trying to seize the country. So what will happen? Everyone is speculating in their hearts. When Li Jinglong and Gu Wang opened the gate of Jinchuan, Judy found no trace of him.

It's hard to find traces

There are different opinions about Wen Jian's death, which became the first mystery in Ming history. Because Emperor Wen Jian was lenient after Mao's strict rule, his experience aroused the sympathy of countless people, and his whereabouts were particularly curious. People can see endless speculation and deduction in various unofficial history and dramas.

Self-immolation theory. According to Emperor Taizong's records, after the Prince entered Jinchuan Gate, Emperor Wen Jian also wanted to come out to see the Prince, but he sighed, "How can I see him?" So he and the queen closed the palace and set themselves on fire. When Judy saw the fire in the palace, he quickly ordered to send someone to help, but unfortunately, he didn't have time. When Wen Jian's charred body was found in the ashes, Judy, the prince of Yan, was heartbroken and wept bitterly, saying that he was only here to help the emperor learn good deeds. Why do you want to find your own way? Later, Judy prepared a ceremony to bury Wen Jian, sent officials to sacrifice, and withdrew for three days. Scholars, such as his close friend Meng Sen, believe that Wen Jian set himself on fire.

Death theory. The reliability of Records of Emperor Taizong is questioned by people, because Judy revised Records of Emperor Taizong three times in order to beautify herself and find high-sounding reasons for her to seize the throne. Many people are skeptical about Wen Jian's self-immolation recorded in Records of Emperor Taizong. Due to the political pressure and close network in Yongle period, there is no record of the death of Emperor Wen Jian. After Tianshun and Zhengde dynasties, the severe political environment improved, and the historical materials about Wen Jian's death began to increase.

We find that the earlier the historical materials are, the more vague they are, and the later the historical materials are, the more specific they are. In October of Wanli two years, 12-year-old once asked Zhang about his whereabouts. Zhang replied: "The national history does not contain this story, but it was first spread to the deceased, saying that the emperor entered the city when he was difficult to learn, that is, he cut his hair, went out of infernal affairs, and then traveled around the world, and no one knew." It can be seen that Zhang Lu also tends to die. It is worth noting that folk rumors have spread to the emperor's ears, and talking about the death of Wen Jian is no longer a taboo topic. Regarding the death of Wen Jian, the most representative is the record in Gu Yingtai's Ming History. He believes that Emperor Wen Jian did not set himself on fire, but fled Nanking through a secret passage under the protection of his ministers.

In the summer and June of Wen Jian's fourth year, the emperor knew that Jinchuan Gate had fallen, sighed and left, and wanted to commit suicide. Ji Cheng, editor of Hanlin College, said, "This is not like death." Wang Yue, the young warden, knelt down and said, "Emperor Gao has a last word,' When you are in great trouble, you should make a fortune." I want to collect the relics of Fengxian Hall. "Ministers said with one voice," hurry up! "Suddenly (yú) came a red basket, which was fixed on all sides with iron, and the two locks were also equipped with iron. When the emperor saw it, he was frightened, ordered the ouchi to be set on fire, and the empress Ma Shi went to the fire to die. Ji Cheng broke the basket and got three copies, one should be a writer, one should be an able person and one should be a saint. Robes, hats, shoes and razors are all available, with ten ingots of platinum. Zhu Shuyuan said: "Wen Ying went out from the gate of hell, and the others went into the ditch from the water. At dusk, I will be in God's optimistic West Room. " The emperor said, "Count it! "Ji Cheng made a wish to the emperor. Professor Yang, the king of Wu, should be able to let him die. Ye Xixian, the censor, resolutely said, "I am famous for my talents, and there is no doubt that I should be virtuous. "I also wish you happiness. Wearing clothes is easy to die. There were fifty or sixty people in the temple, weeping to the ground and shooting with arrows. The emperor said, "Many people can't live without gains and losses. If they are famous for other things, they will be poor. " When your wife is in office, your heart will be tied, and you should follow suit. "I hope to repay your majesty with death," said Zeng Fengshan, the suggestion. "The emperor summoned the ministers, feeling great fear, and led a number of people. Nine people went from the emperor to the gate of hell, and a boat was on the shore. Taoist Wang Sheng was optimistic about God. He kowtowed to the emperor and said, "I know your majesty is coming. In the past, the high emperor saw a dream, and I came here! "I took a boat to the emergency exit and climbed the view. It was dusk. Thirteen people including Yang Yingneng and Ye Xixian arrived together.

The authenticity of the above passage is indeed doubtful, but Mrs. Gu Ying speaks very vividly, and it is really difficult to distinguish between true and false. Did Emperor Wen Jian burn himself to death, or did he escape from Nanking through a secret passage? Historians have different opinions on this, and there is no conclusion. When the Qing Dynasty compiled the History of the Ming Dynasty, historians of the Ming History Museum had different opinions on it. Xu Jiayan, who wrote a biography of Gong Min, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, believed that Wen Jian did not die in the fire, but fled abroad. Zhu Yizun, a famous scholar who is also in the Museum of Ming History, believes that Wen Jian died in a fire. Therefore, we can see that Gong Min in the Ming Dynasty has such a statement: "The palace is on fire, and the emperor doesn't know what to do." It seems that at that time, no one could produce evidence to prove his point of view, so he had to choose this compromise opinion.

Now, with the in-depth study of the cause of death of Emperor Wen Jian and the increasing mastery of historical materials, more and more people believe that Emperor Wen Jian did not die of self-immolation. So, was Wen Jian buried by Zhu Di, the Ming Emperor? Some people think that it was probably Ma Huanghou who was buried at that time, not Emperor Jianwen. Judy's body found in the ruins has been unrecognizable, so it is difficult to tell the truth from the false. In addition, there is no record of burying Ma Huanghou in historical materials. It is also worth noting that in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, no one actually knew where Emperor Wen Jian was buried, which shows that people at that time didn't really think where Emperor Wen Jian was buried, so there was no need to pay homage to the grave, and it would be unknown after a long time. In fact, Judy herself may know that it was not the Emperor Wen Jian himself who was buried in the ceremony, but this does not affect the ceremony, because only in this way can the people hide their eyes and ears and the emperor's throne sit upright.

Another question is that when the city was destroyed, the eldest son of Emperor Wen Jian was not found. At that time, there were two princes: the eldest son Zhu, 7 years old, and the second son Zhu Wengui, 2 years old. Zhu Wengui, known as Shu Ren in history, was imprisoned in Guang 'an Palace by Cheng Zu and was not released until the reign of Emperor Taizong Tianshun at the age of 57. Locked in the palace, you can't tell the difference between cattle and horses when you come out. However, Zhu, the eldest son of Jianwen Emperor, has been missing. In the Ming history, it was said that "Yan entered, at the age of seven, and he didn't know anything". Since Zhu Neng escaped, there is no reason to believe that his death is impossible. In addition, the so-called "Jingnan Battle" lasted for four years, and it didn't happen overnight, so Emperor Wen Jian had enough time to make preparations. When Judy entered Nanjing, most areas in the south, northwest, southwest and southeast of Nanjing were not under Judy's control, and Wen Jian was able to organize an effective counterattack.

So, since his country is likely to perish, where did he go? Based on all kinds of information, there are the following statements:

According to Ming History, after Wen Jian escaped from Nanjing, he traveled around the world with four monks, Yang Yingneng, Ye Xixian and Ji Cheng, in disguise. According to local chronicles, relics, sites and other materials, scholars believe that Emperor Wen Jian once lived in exile in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong and other places. The Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty said that in order to escape capture, he traveled to Chongqing in the west, went to Tiantai in the east, turned to Xiangfu, lived in western Guangdong, settled in Bailong in the middle, wrote poems in harmony, and entered Jingchu's hometown, which is called a blessing in history.

In several provinces in southwest China, there are many sites and legends about Jianwen Emperor. In Xu Xiake's Travels, Xu Xiake recorded the remains left by Emperor Wen Jian when he was practicing in Baiyun Mountain, Guizhou: "There are two giant sequoias, which are held by three people, next to dènɡ; The western plant was destroyed by fire, which was planted by Wen Jun. Half a mile west, it is Baiyun Temple, so Wen Jun built a mountain; The front and rear shelves are double-layered. There is a spring and a ridge under the threshold in front of the back pavilion, which is called' kneeling spoon spring'. You'll know your stone skills when you get down to Beitong. If you are not rich or dry, you get a spoonful, so it is called' Kneeling', which is provided by Wen Jun made by Shenlong, and there is a golden carp cloud in Longtan. Go half a mile north from Gexi, and you will find Liu Mi Cave. The cave hangs between the cliffs on the top of the mountain, with the door facing south, only more than ten feet deep, and there is a stone niche behind it, which can be used as a couch. There is * * * on the right for the emperor's rice, and now there is nothing. On the left is the canyon, with transparent windows above and a crossbar in the middle. What Wen Jian left behind is also entrusted by those who can find traces. In front of the cave, there are mountains and peaks, green waves and thousands of layers, and the back is the first step in the distance. The left side of the cave was built by the patrol * * * Yun (the pavilion was named' Hidden Dragon', because it used to be in the Buddha Pavilion, but now it is moved here), overlooking the distant mountain in front, and the right side is the Mi Cave, which does not cover the cave door, and then climbs the top. "

Some books also record the poems of Emperor Wen Jian. Although it is impossible to judge whether this is a false trust of later generations, some of them are in line with the identity of Emperor Wen Jian. The following poem is said to have been written by Wen Jian when he took refuge in Zhu Jin (now Guang Shun, Guizhou):

Dust suddenly invaded the south overnight, and Destiny moved to the center of the world.

Phoenix belongs to Danshan, the red sun is far away, and the dragon belongs to the sea.

Purple is like a star still arched, jade leaks silently, and water sinks.

Looking back at the Forbidden City tonight, the Sixth Hospital still looks forward to Cui Hua.

After Judy became emperor, he was also skeptical about Wen Jian's death and heard many rumors, so he sent Hook to visit the whole country. "Biography of the Ming Dynasty" contains "Hui Di collapsed in fire, or fled, and the old ministers increased, and the emperor (referring to Cheng Zu) suspected it. (Yongle) In five years, I sent a royal book, visited the immortal Zhang Wei, traveled all over the world, and secretly observed the existence of the emperor, so it was the longest time to leave. " It took 16 years for Tuohu to find out the whereabouts of the emperor in the name of issuing letters and seeing Zhang. The sloppy Zhang mentioned here is Zhang Sanfeng, who often appears in novels. He is a strange man, slovenly and erratic. It is said that he can walk Wan Li Road one day. Attach great importance to Hu's inspection of the emperor, and don't allow him to ask "Ding You" as his mother. In the 21st year of Yongle, Hu hurried back to Beijing, which coincided with the Northern Expedition and garrison. When Hu arrived, he had already rested. He heard that Hu would meet him immediately after he came back, and they talked about the fourth watch. "History of the Ming Dynasty" said: "Before I arrived, it was widely rumored that Wen Jian went to the sea, and the emperor sent several generations of internal ministers Zheng He to the sea, so I became suspicious." Hu seems to have got the exact news of his work, and it seems that after many years, his idea of regaining the throne has vanished. Therefore, Judy, Chengzu's father, was glad that he didn't ask about his whereabouts.

I'm at sea, and I don't know what to do. It is rumored that Emperor Wen Jian sailed to Nanyang and lived a quiet seclusion on an island. At that time, many China people went to Nanyang. It is said that after Zhang Shicheng failed, some of his men fled to Nanyang to explore immigrants. Some people nearby confirmed that Emperor Wen Jian took refuge in Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, set sail in Kaiyuan Temple, and finally lived in seclusion on the east coast of Sumatra Island. However, there is no more evidence, just speculation.

Judy, the ancestor of Wen Jian, was worried about uniting the local China people, or called on Nanyang countries to raise troops as the patriarch. Therefore, he was very uneasy and specially sent Zheng He to the Western Seas. First, he publicized the national prestige, and second, he tracked down Emperor Jianwen. According to "Ming History", "Cheng Zu suspected that Hui Di died overseas, and wanted to recount it, in order to show off his troops in a foreign country to show China's prosperity. In June of the third year of Yongle, he and his friend Wang Jinghong went to the Western Ocean. They brought more than 27,800 soldiers and more gold coins. " In Zheng He's fleet, there are also some Royal Guards who are responsible for investigation. It is not clear whether the trace of Emperor Wen Jian can be detected.

According to Jingxi Mountain, Gu Yingtai's Chronicle of Ming History and Zheng Xiao's My Learning, it was orthodox for seven years. Because of his advanced age, Wen Jian went to Guangxi Sien Yamen, claiming to be the Emperor of Wen Jian. Local officials rushed to the court and sent them to Beijing. The court sent Wu Liang, an old eunuch, to identify it. Wen Jian called out his name as soon as he saw him, but Wu Liang denied it. Emperor Wen Jian also said that when he was eating, he threw a goose on the ground and Wu Liang squatted down like a dog to eat it. Wu Liang cried after hearing this, and went back and hanged himself. Emperor Wen Jian was welcomed to the west, died of old age in his palace, and was buried in the Western Hills without seals or trees.

In fact, this is a rumor, but there is still some basis. In November of the fifth year of "A Record of Yingzong", a monk came to Guangxi from Yunnan, claiming to be the emperor Wen Jian, who was over 90 years old. Local officials sent him to the capital, and ministers suspected him to be a liar. After investigation, he admitted that his real name was Yang Hangxiang, a native of Henan, and Hongwu became a monk in seventeen years. He was bewitched into pretending to be Emperor Jianwen. So Yingzong put him in prison and died in prison four months later. As an accomplice, 12 monk was sent to Liaodong to guard the border.

Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province said that Xu Zuosheng, a reporter from Wen Wei Po, personally visited Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, and found some relics and relics left by the death of Emperor Wen Jian. Based on the literature, he thought that the emperor was hiding in Saiji, Wuxian county, and Yao retired from the Buddhist temple soon. Under Yao's protection, the emperor hid in the dome mountain to drive away the temple until 1423 died here. This is also self-contained.

According to Wangjing Temple in Sichuan, some people think that Emperor Wen Jian hid in the Buddha Temple in Pingchang, Sichuan, died here and was buried on the hillside behind the temple. Wen Jian chose Buddha Temple because it is remote and hard to find, and it is not easy to be found. Because he often cried in the direction of Beijing, later generations renamed the Buddhist temple Wangjing Temple.

In addition, in recent years, some people claimed to be descendants of Emperor Wen Jian, and showed the genealogy of Jean's family, saying that Emperor Wenjian fled Nanjing through tunnels, pretended to be a monk and traveled around, then lived in seclusion in Wuchang, and was buried in Hongshan, Wuchang after his death. Of course, this statement needs further verification.

The explanations, legends and attachments of the mystery of Emperor Wen Jian's death are by no means those listed above. There are many sad stories, which have been circulated in many books, orally and will be handed down. Of course, there is no conclusive evidence about the end of his rule, which has become a mystery in the history of China.

Zhu Yunwen's personal file.

Name: Zhu Yunwen Born: December 5th, 10th year of Hongwu (1377).

Zodiac: year of the snake Death: Unknown.

Date of death: unknown posthumous title: Hui Di (Qing Dynasty)

Tan Poulnot. : No mausoleum: No.

Father Zhu Biao and mother Lu Fei.

First marriage: 16 years old spouse: Ma Huanghou.

Children: 2 children: None

The most proud: lenient politics, the most frustrated scholar: losing the throne

The most unfortunate; Yan Ping's failure is the most painful; The separatist warlord failed.

Best at: poetry

Related reading bibliography recommendation

(1) Wang Tianyou, editor-in-chief: Zhu Yunwen, 16th Emperor of Ming Dynasty, Palace Museum Press, 1999.

(2) Biography of Shang Dynasty: Emperor Yongle, Beijing Publishing House, 1989.

(3) Chao Chen Zhong: "Ming Cheng Ancestral", People's Publishing House, 1993.

(4) Yang Lin: Once the Emperor, Unity Press, 1998.