Is there any custom of worshiping ancestors in Guidong?
Abstract: Folk customs are an important part of traditional national culture. They are developed by people of all nationalities and places in order to adapt to the natural environment and their own needs for survival and development. Due to differences in historical development and living areas, there are great differences and diversity in folk customs. As the saying goes, "There are different styles in a hundred miles, and different customs in ten miles." Folk customs are a rich historical and cultural heritage that retains its original flavor and exudes the fragrance of earth. This article studies and discusses the customs of life, production, etiquette and so on in our county, in order to appreciate the folk customs of our county, understand the beautiful meaning of these customs, and also tell us how to learn to respect the customs of various ethnic groups and places. Habit.
Keywords: folk customs, production, life, etiquette and customs.
Guidong County is located at the southern end of the Luoxiao Mountains and the northern foot of the Nanling Mountains. It has beautiful and majestic peaks and is located at the junction of Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces. In the Neolithic Age, ancestors already inhabited and multiplied. Nanshou County was officially established during the Jiading period, with a history of more than 780 years. The county has a subtropical monsoon climate, with neither scorching heat in summer nor severe cold in winter. It has beautiful mountains and clear waters, beautiful scenery, fresh air, and a pleasant climate. It is surrounded by famous tourist attractions such as Jinggang Mountain, Yandi Mausoleum, Dongjiang Lake, and Danxia Mountain. There is also the "Longxi Waterfall" in the county. , "Bidong Flying Smoke", "Xianqiao Tianle", "Qiyun Mountain", "Bamian Mountain" and other beautiful natural landscapes, as well as cultural landscapes related to the revolutionary activities of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in East Guangxi. Due to its beautiful mountains and clear waters, beautiful caves and rocks, long history and rich cultural landscape, Guidong is an ideal resort for leisure, summer vacation and tourism. There are Han, Yao, She and other ethnic groups in the county, and their folk customs are diverse and unique. If Guidong wants to achieve "good and fast" development, it is imperative to develop the tourism industry. Therefore, we conduct research and discussion on the folk customs of Guidong. Making full use of folk customs plays a role that cannot be underestimated in developing the tourism industry and promoting Guidong.
1. Folk customs
Dong Guangxi has many mountains and peaks, well-protected vegetation, unique landform structure, beautiful mountains and rivers, green mountains, clear water and blue sky, fresh air, history and culture It has a profound heritage and distinctive local cultural characteristics. Since ancient times, Guidong has been nurtured by the beautiful mountains and rivers. The folk customs in Guidong are simple and the etiquette is thorough. The people of Guidong are honest and kind, gentle in temperament, hospitable and generous to others. From various folk customs and customs, we can see the peaceful and affectionate, leisurely and custom-oriented nature of Guidong people.
(1) Living customs
1. Food: Although Guidong is a mountainous area, in terms of food, it pays great attention to delicious food, fresh colors, and reasonable combinations. It not only boldly introduces It also pays attention to the food culture of other places and local characteristics.
① Guidong banquet. "Wine banquets" may not be uncommon across the country, but the knife craftsmanship and food pairings of Guidong banquets are evident. "Guidong Banquet" has "ten big bowls" and "twelve big bowls" (called big and small wines), which are divided into levels of "three heads", "five heads" and "seven heads". Although many people in Guidong have had banquets, not many people really understand banquets. Many people also know the jingle "Guidong banquets" but know little about its connotations. From ancient times to the present, the "Guidong Banquet" cannot be eaten by anyone at any time. Generally, the host will invite a cook to host the banquet when distinguished guests are coming or there are weddings and funerals. The "Ten Big Bowls" are ordinary banquets in Guidong, with meat and vegetables, and the side dishes must be covered with noodles before they can be put on the table; the "Twelve Big Bowls" are the fine banquets: the combination of dishes and the "Ten Big Bowls" It is completely different, and must be served with "four meat and four vegetables" cured meats, melons and fruits to serve the guests. Through the banquet, you can not only see the host's hospitality, but also by looking at the combination of the dishes, the knife skills, and the heat, you can see the chef's skill. The craftsmanship is high or low, so generally those who don’t learn skills from a master would not dare to host Guidong banquets. The banquets in Guidong vary from region to region and can be roughly divided into four regions: Chengguan, Shatian, Sidu and Qingquan.
In addition, among the "Guidong Wine Banquets" there is also a "sacrifice banquet" specially used for worshiping the dead, which is also divided into "Ten Big Bowls" and "Big and Small Wines" in terms of levels, but the cooking The craftsmanship of the banquet is very different from the ordinary banquet. Almost all of them are made of rice flour and tofu, and are made and processed by the skillful hands of the chef.
②Guidong salted duck. Guidong salted duck is made in season and cannot be processed at any time. It is usually made around the winter solstice of the lunar calendar. It uses local shelduck as raw material, and then marinates it for a period of time with ginger, star anise, salt and other raw materials. After that, it is dried under the sun and can be steamed, fried or stir-fried when eating. It has a strong flavor, thin skin and crisp bones, beautiful appearance and a long aftertaste. It is a traditional treat for guests in East Guangxi. The hospitable Guidong people dried the salted duck in the sun, cut it into small pieces, put it in a jar of suitable size, and soaked it in Guidong people's tea seed oil. Everyone can have the salted duck to entertain guests all year round.
③Guidong yellow glutinous rice cake. Guidong yellow glutinous rice cake can be said to be a wonder in Guidong food culture. Guidong glutinous rice cake has a long history and has been famous all over the world for thousands of years. However, due to its exquisite selection of materials and many processing procedures, Guidong people can only make it during the Spring Festival. Therefore, if you want to eat Guidong yellow glutinous rice cake It's simply not possible. "Guidong Yellow Rice Cake" is divided into "Steamer Rice Cake" and "Dahe Rice Cake", which are distinguished by the rice used in their processing. However, most of them are processed by boiling various alkali-containing raw materials such as "Huangni Chai", "Sophora Rice", "Tung Leaf" and "Tea Seed Cake" unique to Guidong into water. Because of the different ingredients and different production techniques, The yellow glutinous rice cake produced also has different colors and tastes.
④Guidong rice wine. Many people have drunk ordinary Guidong rice wine, but few people know about the superior Guidong rice wine. In mountainous areas such as Chengguan, Hankou, and Qiaotou in eastern Guangxi, the wine used by many farmers to entertain guests was not brewed in that year. It had to be buried several feet underground and would not be unearthed until three years later. That kind of wine Some look green like tea, and some are light red like wine. They smell fragrant and fragrant. You can taste the fragrance and you will be drunk after drinking it.
2. Residence. People in Guidong have had the habit of living close to the mountains since ancient times. Unlike other places where houses are built together, people in Guidong pay attention to the "dragon, mountain, direction" when building a house. They have to ask a geologist to choose the orientation according to the owner's zodiac sign. Most of them live in scattered places. Except for brothers and fathers and sons who sometimes build houses in the same house, most of them live in one house. Before the 1980s, most of the private houses in Guidong were "mud-walled" or "mud-brick" houses, usually with two floors. The second floor would also have an earthen floor (that is, putting wooden boards and then covering it with a layer of mud). It can not only avoid wind and keep warm, but also prevent fire and rats. The houses in Guidong are mostly civil structures, divided into three large rooms (called "four flashes and three rooms" in Guidong dialect). The big room in the middle is the hall, and the rooms on both sides are divided into small rooms for living rooms and kitchens. The first floor is used for living. The upper floor is used for storing grain or sundries, and can also be used by men, but women are not allowed to live upstairs.
3. Most of the people in Guidong are Han, and the whole county is. Han costumes are the main ones, but the She and Yao people also have their own national costumes, which are usually worn on festivals or major events. Han costumes are also worn in ordinary times. Qingquan, Qiaotou, Hankou, Huangdongyin and Lijiangxi. Adjacent, adult men and women often wear headscarves, aprons, cardigans, and round-breasted shirts. It is inconvenient for men to wear aprons when working, so they tie a cloth belt around their waists.
(2) Etiquette and customs
1. Hospitality. Guidong people are hospitable. They believe that guests will come to their homes only if they think highly of them. They are very happy to have friends from far away and enjoy everything. Warm hospitality. This is not only true for guests from far away, but also for relatives and neighbors who come to live with each other. They must be treated with courtesy and hospitality. In addition, when guests come to the house, they will not eat in the kitchen or side room. The dinner table should be set in the hall and guests should be invited to sit down (people in Guidong call it "sitting on the table"). In Guidong, any wedding, funeral, birth of a boy or girl, or building a house are all major events, and all relatives or close friends must attend. Be there and help with gifts.
2. Marriage customs. In the old days, there was an insurmountable rule in Guidong’s marriage customs, that is, “people of the same clan shall not marry” and “people of the same surname shall not marry”. After a man and a woman enter into a marriage contract, they will first issue a Geng post with their birth dates and ask the fortune teller to match the marriage. Then the woman will send her parents, uncles and other seniors to "go to the marriage venue". Once the woman is satisfied. , the man "disposes" (i.e. gives red envelopes, clothes and other gifts) to the blind daters, and then selects a date to "make a decision". The man prepares the gifts and sends them to the woman. After the woman accepts the wedding gift, it means that the woman has agreed to the marriage. Then the matchmaker goes back and forth to negotiate the betrothal gift and dowry, and then the man chooses an auspicious date, writes it on red paper and prepares a gift to send to the woman, which is called the "sending day". There are many etiquettes for welcoming and sending off the bride in Guidong, and it is said that only red envelopes are needed. There are dozens of them. On the first day of the wedding, the man will give the betrothal gift to the woman, which is called a "gift gift". As soon as the "grant gift" comes in, the bride, her aunts, sisters and others will start to "cry" until the wedding. On the second day, when the bride enters the house, she must kill the "barrier chicken". After the bride arrives at the groom's house, she is called "the bride". She must set up a table in the yard outside the house, serve wine and fruits, and drink " "Shelter wine", after arriving home, the husband usually entertains the bride with the highest etiquette. Warm and thoughtful, the banquet is even more sumptuous, and the meals are mostly "big and small wine". People who can drink well are arranged to accompany the bride, and try every means to make the "god" There are many etiquettes for weddings in Guidong. When most families hold weddings, they often invite knowledgeable people from the clan or village to "sit in the ceremony room", and specially arrange and dispatch everyone. It is a matter of etiquette.
3. The New Year is regarded by Guidong people as the biggest festival of the year. During the New Year, every household will kill pigs, chickens and ducks, and make cakes. The items are brought here to celebrate the New Year, and no matter how far away the family members are from home, they still have to rush back to celebrate the New Year. People in Guidong are also very particular about celebrating the New Year. Family members have to sew new clothes, with special emphasis on "reunion", "traveling", New Year greetings, treating guests, sending off gods, inviting gods, worshiping ancestors, etc. There are many names, too numerous to mention. . People in Guidong do not necessarily "travel" on the New Year's Day. They must choose an auspicious day. They cannot sleep, sweep the floor, or cook on the New Year's Day. They must eat leftovers from New Year's Eve. Relatives and friends will spend the Spring Festival. Treating each other to a meal is called "treating".
Guidong people celebrate the New Year very lively. In addition to every household visiting relatives and friends, there are also many folk entertainment activities, such as Dragon Boat Festival, telling stories, doing temple fairs, and setting off fireworks, which are particularly unique. The most important thing is to set off firecrackers. During the Chinese New Year, no matter how poor a family is, they will buy a few firecrackers to ward off evil, seek good luck, and keep the family safe.
Guidong people call the third day of the Lunar New Year "New Year's greetings". On this day, you are not allowed to visit relatives and friends. It is a day to "pay New Year's greetings" to the newly deceased souls. Relatives and friends must bring incense, candles and paper to "New Year's greetings". pay a New Year call".
4. June 6. "June 6th" is a festival for Guidong people. On the day of "June 6th" every year, the elders of the family will make paper flags with paper money with rough edges. When killing ducks, they will drop blood on the paper money, and then These paper flags are inserted into the fields of one's home, commonly known as offering sacrifices to "herders", in order to hope for a good harvest that year.
Relatives and friends will also visit each other during this festival to taste wine and duck.
5. Mid-Autumn Festival. Guidong calls the Mid-Autumn Festival the "Reunion Festival". When the Mid-Autumn Festival comes, every family buys cakes and chops meat, and gives gifts to relatives and friends. Family members, no matter how far or near, gather together on this day. At night, every family gathers to drink and enjoy the moon. . In the countryside of Guidong, there is a custom of inviting "Sister Moonlight", setting up an incense table, placing sacrifices, filling a meter bucket with rice, placing rings and jewelry between the rice, preparing a basket, and choosing an unmarried girl. Duan, choose another woman to invite "Sister Moonlight".
6. Hungry Ghost Festival in July. In the customs of Guidong, "July 15th" is another important sacrificial time after Qingming Festival. The biggest difference is that Tomb-Sweeping Day is often a family gathering for sacrifices, while "July 15th" is a family sacrifice. Since the tenth day of the seventh lunar month, every household has cleaned the halls, placed incense tables in front of the shrines, placed ancestral tablets, and prepared wine and food to worship their ancestors for days. On the 14th day, every family burned Ming paper and Ming clothes. According to the custom of Guidong people, the half of July is a "Ghost Festival". During this period, no weddings, weddings, opening of markets, moving houses, etc. are allowed, and no walking at night is allowed to avoid encountering ghosts on the road.
(3) Folk crafts
Due to poor transportation in Guidong, the ancestors used their own hands to solve their own problems of clothing, food, housing and transportation. Many folk crafts It has brought great convenience to people's production and life. There are also many crafts with strong cultural connotations and high artistic value. For example, "Linglong Tea Production Technology" and "Pule Earthen Pottery Production Technology" have been listed as municipal-level non-technical products. The material cultural heritage is on the protection list, but there are still many that are spread among the people, waiting for us to discover and protect them.
1. Production of Pule earthenware. Pule Earthenware has a history of hundreds of years. After generations of hard work, they have produced a variety of ceramic products that are both beautiful and practical, bringing great convenience to the people in and around Guidong County.
2. Exquisite tea production. Linglong tea is made according to the taste of Guidong people. It is characterized by beautiful shape, fragrant aroma and green tea. It has been awarded
3. Wooden Products. Because Guidong is a mountainous area, it is rich in forestry resources. Therefore, there are many talented and skilled craftsmen in folk bamboo and wood processing, and all kinds of wood products are available to every household. We have what others have, and we have what others don’t have. For example, manual oil-pressing equipment is all made of wood; "unicycles" (suitable for walking on mountain trails), "windmills", "man-powered plow frames", etc. are all unique to Guidong and are almost non-existent in other places or differ in craftsmanship. Very far.
4. Bamboo products. Guidong's bamboo products are exquisite in craftsmanship, beautiful in style and durable in use. Especially the production techniques such as "Bamboo Drying Cage", "Bamboo Covered Basket" and "Bamboo Skin Roast" are praised by everyone who sees them.
2. Overall Current Situation
The folk customs, customs and sentiments of Guidong have been inherited from generation to generation for hundreds of years. Most of them are still preserved among the people, but there are still many Part of it is gradually replaced or abandoned due to social progress and economic development. Therefore, we must increase the intensity of the protection of intangible cultural heritage, further strengthen the survey, excavation, and protection of intangible cultural heritage, extract the essence and discard the dross, and let our excellent folk customs, folk customs, and sentiments in East Guangxi be further developed. Judging from the current situation in Guidong, the general situation is as follows:
1. Among the 20 adults surveyed, 11 know some about the folk customs of Guidong, accounting for only 55% of the surveyed people Or so, the remaining 45% have no idea at all. However, only two people can say something about some ancient folk customs.
2. Folk customs are similar. In the survey, it was found that 60% of people are not sure which folk customs belong to Guidong. They always think that they are the same across the country, including New Year greetings during the Spring Festival, Qingming sacrifices, and Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first lunar month. etc.; 10% of people think that they understand it very well and will never forget it, and will always remember it even when they are in a foreign country. 30% of people say that their predecessors have not talked about it, nor have they seen it, so they are not clear about it.
3. Due to changes in customs and habits, surveys have found that most women born after the 1970s do not know about "crying for marriage" and "crying for mourning". Especially since the 1990s, most women Most young people get married by traveling or going to a hotel to host a wedding. In a place, it is rare to see a happy event in a year, and the parents do not talk about it, and they neither hear nor witness it.
4. Folk crafts are on the verge of being lost. Many crafts that brought convenience to the people of East Guangxi have now been replaced and idle. For example, "hand-made oil pressing" has been replaced by an oil press, and "bamboo drying cage" "There are very few users. Most of them use electric appliances for heating. They use red envelopes to communicate with relatives and friends. No one carries baskets to send cakes and snacks anymore. Young people born in the 90s talk about these things a lot. Shake my head.
3. Countermeasures and measures
Inheriting and publicizing the folk customs of Guidong is also an effective way to show Guidong to the world, so that people can understand and understand Guidong. It has a certain promoting effect on the development and development of Guidong.
1. Increase promotion efforts. It is necessary to use various festivals to carry out various activities to promote folk customs and culture, and use various forms to organize some targeted cultural activities that highlight local cultural characteristics, so as to be interesting and creative. Carry out activities to deepen people's knowledge and understanding.
2. Increase protection.
At present, our county is carrying out a census of intangible cultural heritage. In conjunction with the census, we should further excavate the folk intangible cultural heritage of our county. According to the principle of "excavation, rescue and protection", we should list some good projects as soon as possible. County's protection list, and formulate inheritance and protection measures as soon as possible.
3. Increase publicity. Make full use of various information media, set up some special columns, and extensively collect local folk customs, so that the people of Guidong can have a deeper understanding of the local traditional culture, provide suggestions for promoting the folk customs of Guidong, and come up with ideas to promote the local culture as soon as possible. Folk customs and customs come up with golden ideas, so do your part.
4. Encourage Guidong people to carry out industrial activities with Guidong characteristics. They can produce some handicrafts with Guidong characteristics and highlight local folk customs, make some small gifts, and "carry out" the promotion of folk customs. The "rice bowl" attracts visitors from other places to develop Guidong's economy and improve people's living standards.
5. Fully mobilize the masses to learn from the elderly about the folk customs of their childhood and the way people celebrate festivals, and let them talk about the problems and solutions now compared with the past. The decadent ones should be discarded, and the healthy and upward ones should be inherited and given new significance for the times.
Author/Source: He Xiaolin
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Western Civilization Broadcast
2021-11-14 12:57 Shaanxi Legal Network Civilization Information Official Account