River pattern of Tuotuo River
Gladandong Snow Mountain Group is 50 kilometers long from north to south and 0/5 ~ 20 kilometers wide from east to west, covering an area of about 660 square kilometers. There are 2 1 mountain peaks over 6000m above sea level, and Gladden Cave, the main peak, is located in the northeast of Snow Mountain with an altitude of 662 1 meter. There are dozens of modern glaciers in the snow-capped mountains, generally 5 ~ 8 kilometers long, and the longest valley glacier is 12.8 kilometers. 187 square kilometers to the east of Gladandong Snow Mountain Group belongs to Gaerqu River Basin, and 268 square kilometers to the southwest belongs to Chibuzhang Lake System and Qilin Lake System in the inland lake area of northern Tibet. 207 square kilometers in the west and north of the Snow Mountain belong to the Tuotuo River basin, and about 30 glaciers melt water into the Tuotuo River.
There is the third peak at an altitude of 6543 meters 5.5 kilometers southwest of the main peak of Gradandong. On the west side of the mountain peak, there are two large glaciers that are surrounded by pincers on the north and south sides of Jianggudiru Peak at an altitude of 637 1 m. Glacier in the south is 12.8km long, glacier tongue is10.7km wide, glacier in the north is 10.3km long and glacier tongue is10.4km wide. The snow line is 5820m above sea level, and the front end of glacier tongue is 5400m above sea level. Glacier meltwater flows into the fast-flowing water and rushes out of the mountain. The glacier on the south side flows 3.8 kilometers to the northwest, and the glacier on the north side flows 3.5 kilometers to the west, and the two streams merge into the east branch of Naqin Qu. Continue northward, with a length of 5.7 kilometers, and merge into the west branch of Naqu area from Gaqiadirugang Snow Mountain Group. The total length of the east branch starts from the snow line of 5820m in the south glacier (excluding the upper glacier 4.3km above the snow line) 18km.
Gaqiadirugang Snow Mountain Group is 27 kilometers long from north to south and 16 kilometers wide from east to west, covering an area of about 205.4 square kilometers. Gaergang, the main peak, is 65 13 meters above sea level and located in the middle of the snow-capped mountains. There are about 26 modern glaciers extending around, generally about 4 ~ 6 kilometers long, and the longest is about 10 kilometers. The southwest of Snow Mountain Group11square kilometer belongs to Chibuzhang lake system. About 94.4 square kilometers in the northeast, there are about 20 glacial meltwater collected in the tuotuo water system. The glacier on the southeast side of Gaqiadirugang main peak is about 8km long, the glacier tongue is 1.3km wide, the front end of glacier tongue is 5440m above sea level, and the snow line is 5930m high. Several streams of meltwater merge into a small stream, which becomes the west branch of Naqinqu, named Laguoqu, which flows to the northeast with a length of 19.3 km, and joins the east branch in the northwest of Badong Mountain, hereinafter referred to as Naqinqu.
After the east and west branches of Naqinqu converge, it flows northward along the ancient glacier valley between the two snow-capped mountains. The valley is15km long and 3km wide. Meltwater from many glaciers on both banks is injected in the form of dendrites, and the river water is scattered in the icy gravel riverbed with a bottom width of 1.5km. There is a middle moraine in the glacial valley, and the water passes through the last moraine at the end of the period, forming a small canyon. The water flow in the canyon becomes a rapids with a steep slope of 13.3‰ and a river width of more than 30 meters. This river flows out of the canyon to form a scattered stream, then winds north and joins Chesumiqu from the right, which is called Tuotuo River.
The Naqinqu reach is 43.9 kilometers long from the 5820-meter snow line. It belongs to sporadic rivers in mountainous areas. There are two terraces along the river.
The first stage is a stacking terrace with a height of 3 ~ 5m, and the second stage is a pedestal terrace with a height of 12 ~ 15m. The base is mostly purple shale of Yanshiping Group, covered with 2 ~ 3m late Pleistocene ice water sediments. On the other side of the lower reaches of the Zhangba River estuary in Lariganmu, there is a horizontally developed yellow gravel layer of Pleistocene river and lake facies, which constitutes the terrace basement. Gravel layer is semi-cemented calcareous and argillaceous, with a particle size of about 1 ~ 2cm, and is mainly composed of limestone and purple sand rock. It is separated from the eroded surface of tertiary orange sandy mudstone. From Akazha Xiuri Mountain to Bolong Qukou Canyon, the planation plane on the left bank was covered by Miocene intermediate basic extrusive rocks.
Chesumei originated between the snow-capped mountains in the north of Gladandong and the golden snow-capped mountains in Ganmo, with an altitude of 6 166 meters. The front end of glacier ice tongue at the source of Chesumei is 5408 meters above sea level. Glacier melt water gradually joins the snow-capped mountains on both sides, winding northward to inject Naqin music. Chesumet is 36 kilometers long.
Tuotuo River flows northwards from the mouth of Chesumei Canal 16 km, Bencuo River is injected from the left, and after 1.2 km, Larigen Muzhangba River is injected from the left. There are many tributaries in this section of Tuotuo River.
Bencuo River originates from the south side of Raman Mountain at an altitude of 5385 meters, and flows eastward and northward into Bencuo Lake. Bencuo Hunan is 4.5 kilometers long in the north and 2.5 kilometers wide in the east and west, with a lake area of about 7 square kilometers and an altitude of 4,967 meters. The Bencuo River flows out from the northern end after crossing the lake for 4.5 kilometers, flows northeast for about 17 kilometers and then joins the Tuotuo River. The Bencuo River is about 43 kilometers long.
Larigan Muzhangba River originates from the snow-capped mountains with an altitude of 602 1 m in the middle of Qin Gang Snow Mountain Group in the middle of Zurkun Wula Mountain, with a snow-covered area of about 14 square kilometers. After coming out of the mountain, Zhangba River in Lariganmu flows about 36 kilometers from southwest to east and joins Tuotuo River.
Tuotuo River continues to flow northward for about 3 1km, and Gunmujiaha River (Ma Lao Longqu) is injected from the left. The source of the Gunmujiaha River is 5755 meters above sea level in the western section of Zurkun Wula Mountain. After coming out of the mountain, it flows northward to the east, and the upper section is called Ma Lao Longqu, with a total length of about 43 kilometers.
Tuotuo River flows from the mouth of Larigan Muzhangba to the mouth of Qiangmugaha, and through Kemotuo Basin between Tanggula Mountain and Zurkenwula Mountain. The river valley is wide and the riverbed is 3 kilometers wide. There are many tributaries flowing into the confluence on both sides, and there are many wide ice water alluvial fans at the confluence. In the gravel river bed, the river overflows and the main channel is not obvious. It belongs to scattered rivers in mountainous areas, braided (see colorful pages), and the lower section gradually shrinks, with the characteristics of wandering in wide valleys. Gravel is angular, with a particle size of 1 ~ 2cm.
On the east side of this Tuotuo River, there is an inland lake-Quemo Cuo. Kemochuo, also known as Zurkang Lake, is a saltwater lake with an area of about 88 square kilometers. It is about 12km long from north to south, 8km wide from east to west, and the water level is 4923m m. There is an island named Baligou planted in the lake, which is 5032 meters above sea level and covers an area of about 4.7 square kilometers. On the Hunan side, small rivers such as Li Xia Ba Long, Buerzang Longba, Erto Ba Long and Xialima Rijiao Qu are injected, forming an internal flow area with an area of about 679 square kilometers.
According to the investigation of 1976, Quemocuo is only 4 kilometers northeast from the upstream source of Wuguoqu, a tributary of Tuotuo River, and the middle pass is wide, only more than 40 meters above the lake. At the end of the Middle Pleistocene, Quemocuo had a vast water surface and a high water level. It once passed near the mountain pass and flowed into Tuotuo River. Later, due to the influence of neotectonic movement, Zurkenwula Mountain rose and the exit of the lake was blocked. In addition, since the Holocene, the plateau climate has become dry, the evaporation is much greater than the precipitation, and the lakes are shrinking day by day. Some lakes are exposed and separated from Tuotuo River to become inland lakes.
Tuotuo River passes through Kemotuo Basin and reaches Zurkenwula Mountain area. The eastern part of Zuerken Wula Mountain is relatively low, with an altitude of 5,300-5,500m, and the western part of Qin Gang and Tsukagoshi Hirotaka is 5,700-6,000m, with a large area of snow-capped mountains and glaciers. Between the east and west sections are low hills, and Tuotuo River runs through Zurkenwula Mountain in the north. Qin Gang Snow Mountain covers an area of about 94 square kilometers, and most of the meltwater flows into Tuotuo River. Qin Gang, Ba Long and other streams flowing from the northern part of the Snow Mountain formed a huge ice fan on the left bank of Tuotuo River. From Akazha Xiuri Mountain downstream of the ice water fan to the mouth of Bolong Canal in Hulu Lake, this section of Tuotuo River penetrates from Zurkenwula Mountain to form a canyon section, and the water flow is unified and no longer bifurcates. The river is about 60 meters wide and the water depth is about 0.5 meters.
Tuotuo River flows northward for about 34 kilometers from Qiangmujiaha estuary, then turns sharply for 90 degrees, flows southeast in the south of Hulu Lake, and flows into the tributaries such as Bolongqu (Jiangtaqu) and banxian River from the left bank.
Bolongqu originated in the northern foot of Zurkun Wula Mountain, and flowed from north to east after coming out of the mountain. Jiangtaqu crossed the swamp for 20 kilometers and joined. After bending, the Bolongqu River Tower continues to flow eastward. A brackish river (58km long) flows from the north and then flows into the Tuotuo River. The total length of Bolong Canal is about 8 1 km, and the drainage area is about 1.349 km2. The terrain in the basin is gentle, with an average elevation of 4866 meters. This is a sandy river bed with abundant water, which is the third tributary of Tuotuo River.
The length from Tuotuoheyuan to Bolong canal mouth is about 126 km. According to the satellite photos, this section is developed along a nearly north-south extension fault, with magmatic activity and metamorphism on both sides. On the map published before 1976, this reach was never marked, but it was mistaken that the source of Tuotuo River was at the northern foot of Zurkenwula Mountain.
Hulu Lake is only 1 km from banxian River, with a length of 10 km from north to south and a width of 4.5 km from east to west. The water level of this lake is 4807 meters above sea level. Shaped like a gourd, it is an inland saltwater lake with an area of about 36 square kilometers. There are many large and small puddles, which may be the remains of the initial connection with Tuotuo River a few years ago, but later they became inland lakes because of the retreat of the lake.
After the merger of Bolong Canal, Tuotuo River turns sharply about 90 degrees, turning from north to south to southeast and flowing into Tuotuo Basin. This is a Cenozoic fault basin with irregular plane shape and northwest long axis, with Pliocene and early Pleistocene deposits, more than 200 meters thick, loose structure and poor impact resistance. With the development of the river, the erosion on its upper and lower sides becomes wider and unconstrained, forming a typical wandering river with wide valleys on the plateau. After Tuotuo River flows eastward for about 36 kilometers, Baocha Canal flows in from the right bank.
The source of Baochaqu (also known as Saab Chaqu) comes from Ouwu and Geer Plateau, with an altitude of 56 10 meters. The westward flow bypasses the Sabao highland of 52 16 meters and flows through the accessible land of about 20 kilometers. Northeast flows to Duoqu Erma and flows into Tuotuo River, with a total length of about 60 kilometers. Tuotuo River here is a sandy riverbed with a width of more than 50 meters and a depth of 1.2 meters.
Tuotuo Nabaochaqu continued to flow eastward for about 30 kilometers to the mouth of Mazhang Cuoqin Lake, and Xierigongni Qu was injected through Hubei. Mazhang Cuoqin is a Tongjiang lake on the north bank of Tuotuo River. Its upper source is Xierigongni Quyuan, which is located on the west side of Xierigongni Mountain at an altitude of 5,727 meters. This lake is connected with the East and West Lakes. West Lake is about 9 kilometers long from northwest to southeast, with its widest point of 1.5 kilometers and its area of about 1 1 square kilometer. East Lake is circular, about 8 kilometers wide from east to west, about 10 kilometers long from north to south, and covers an area of about 49 square kilometers. This is a freshwater lake.
Xierigongniqu crosses the lake for 7.7 kilometers, flows through 10 kilometers from the Hunan end, and joins Tuotuo. The total length of Xierigongniqu is about 1 18km, the drainage area is 1668km2, the altitude is 4666 ~ 5727m, and there are many swamps and lakes on both sides of the downstream.
Tuotuo River continues to flow eastward for about 1 1 km, and then flows southward for 8 km, reaching the mouth of Cuo Arima Lake in Dimato. There are several kilometers wide beaches in this section of the river bed, with a water surface width of 50-62m and a water depth of 0.5-1.5m. There are dozens of small saltwater lakes scattered on the north bank of Hebei, with a range of16km.
Lake Tsao Arima is the source of Wuguoqu, which originates from Wuguo Mountain on the west side of Baburiyilonggema Building in the Ural Mountains of Zurken, with an altitude of 57 10/0m. Wuguoqu flows out from the mountainside at an altitude of 5205 meters, about 30 kilometers northeast, and comes to Arong Magong in the south.
Continue to flow eastward for 32km, and then pour into Lake Tso 'arima, which is 7.5km long from southwest to northeast, with a width of1.5 ~ 2.5km and an area of about 13 km2. Wu Guoqu spans 3.6 kilometers across the lake and flows out from the northeast end. It winds eastward12.4km and flows into Tuotuo River. The total length of Wuguoqu is about 78 kilometers.
Tuotuo River bends to the southeast with a flow direction of about 12km, and some fragments are injected from the right bank. This section of tuotuo floodplain narrows to 800 ~ 1000 meters. Zhasui Daqu originated from the north side of Mount Samaria at an altitude of 5286 meters, and flowed 37 kilometers north of Shandong.
Tuotuo River continues to flow about 9 kilometers to the southeast, and then flows about 25 kilometers to the northeast to reach Bende Cuochema Pass. The Tuotuo River in this section is 35 ~ 40m wide, 0.7 ~ 0.8m deep and 1 ~ 2km wide.
Bende Cuochema is a small triangular lake with an area of about 4.5 square kilometers. There is Julongdi of about 1 1 square kilometer on the Hunan side, and the upper source is Qinlongba, a small river on the west side of the lake. The flow length from Hunan to the lake is about 17 kilometers, 2 kilometers from the east of the lake and 5 kilometers into the Tuotuo River.
Tuotuo River flows eastward 10 km to Zhamuqu (Jiepulejie Qu). Zhamuqu injects water from one side of Cangniaqu from the left bank.
Zhamu Qu originated from Minggang Qiqu and came from the northeast of Zhajinri Mountain. The watershed at the source is Duosuogang Day, with an altitude of 5,689 meters. After flowing out for about 33 kilometers, Kangte Jinshi Gequ was injected into Zhamuqu. Zhamuqu meanders to the southeast, meanders to the north for about 52 kilometers in winter, and the water volume increases. Then it flows to the southeast for 22 kilometers and joins the Tuotuo River in Nabangkanya. Zhamu Canal is about 144 km long, with a drainage area of about 3,900 square kilometers and an average annual flow of about 9 cubic meters per second, which is the largest tributary of Tuotuo.
Tuotuo flows eastward about 16 km, flows through Nazamuqu and reaches Zhari and Ewaqu. Zharierwaqu (length 2 1 km) flows into three small rivers and flows in from the left. Tuotuo flows 2 kilometers southeast along Tuotuo River (market town) and intersects with Qinghai-Tibet Highway.
Near Tuotuo River, the valley is about 10 km wide and the riverbed is 500-600 meters wide. There are three terraces of accumulation, pedestal and erosion in the valley. Paleogene purplish red salt-bearing clastic rocks are widely exposed along the lower section of the right bank of Tuotuo River, forming a third terrace. There are small salt lake depressions on the terrace, and some tributaries are dry salt flats. The market town is located on the south bank of Tuotuo River, with an altitude of 4,533 meters. It is the first market town in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It is the resident of Tanggula Mountain Township Government in Golmud City, Qinghai Province, with schools, hospitals, shops, meteorological stations, hydrological stations, military stations and other units.
Tuotuo River winds eastward for about 4 kilometers, crosses Qinghai-Tibet Highway, flows eastward at Nanuoge Ba Gen Qu (the river is 23 kilometers long) on the right bank, and then flows eastward for about 2 1 km. After that, Nuorigou Qujing was injected by Yaxicuobei. There are generally 2-3 tributaries in this section of Tuotuo River, with a water surface width of 30m and a water depth of 0.4 ~1.2m. Yaxicuo is a saltwater lake on the left bank of Tuotuo, with a width of 4.5km from east to west, a length of12km from north to south, an area of about 22km2 and an altitude of 4,493m. There are five rivers along the lake, the longest of which is Nuorigouqu, which is about 54 kilometers long.
Tuotuo continues to flow to the southeast for 65,438+06 km, and then turns to the east for 65,438+09.2 km until it joins Dangqu (also known as Akdag Muhe) in the south of the Yangtze River, hereinafter referred to as Tongtian River.
Seven kilometers to the north of Bagi Balong, there is the Bagi Mountain with an altitude of 5062.6 meters. The Balong River in Nangji is a small stream flowing from Shannan, with a length of 8.3 kilometers. There is Axicuo Salt Lake 6 kilometers northwest of Nangji Mountain, with an altitude of 4,502 meters and an area of about 9 square kilometers. The southwest of the winding lake flows into another saltwater lake, covering an area of about 3 square kilometers. The lake is about 600 meters away from Tuotuo River, but it is not connected.
The seventh grade Balongshan is adjacent to Tuotuo River, located on the left bank of Dangqu Estuary, with a steep bank wall of15m, which is composed of Neogene purplish red and grayish white sandstone, mudstone and marl. Because the sediment content and composition of Tuotuo River and Dangqu River are different, the water color at the intersection is also obviously different. The water color of Tuotuo River is brown and red, while that of Dangqu River is gray and white. The intersection of the two rivers is located at 92 54 ′ 48 ″ east longitude and 34 05 ′ 38 ″ north latitude. Zhamu Canal, the longest first-class tributary of Tuotuo, is about 144 km long. Xierigongni Quyue 1 18 km, followed by Xierigongni Quyue. The largest river basin is Zhamuqu, with an area of 3,900 square kilometers; Serrigongniqu 1668 square kilometers, followed by.
There are about 2 165 lakes in Tuotuo basin, with a total area of more than 300 square kilometers. There are many lakes along the river, including 10, such as Quemocuo, Mazhangcuoqin Lake and Hulu Lake, among which Quemocuo is the largest with an area of 88.2 square kilometers, followed by Mazhangcuoqin Lake with an area of 60.3 square kilometers. Most of these lakes are connected with Tuotuo River, and some internal lakes are close to Tuotuo River and separated by beaches with small height difference. According to analysis, these lakes were originally Tongjiang lakes. Due to the lack of local precipitation and large evaporation, the lake gradually retreated. As time goes on, some lakes are exposed and separated from Tuotuo River to become inner lakes.