What are the forms of authorization approval control?
Authorization approval can be divided into "general authorization" and "special authorization" according to its form.
General task
General authorization is the stipulation of the power, conditions and relevant responsible persons for daily economic business, and it has a long term. General authorization is usually to manage files in the management department in the form of post responsibility system or authorization, or to stipulate its handling conditions, scope and appointment of management personnel in business. For example, the management department has stipulated some credit sales policies, so when customers who meet these policies apply for credit sales, business personnel can handle credit sales business according to the authorization of these policies.
Special authorization
Different from general authorization, special authorization only involves the specific situation of specific economic business processing and the specific personnel involved. For example, the board of directors decided to borrow millions of dollars from a consortium, which is far beyond the authority of the financial department. For this kind of loan business, it must be a special authorization. It can be seen that the time limit for this authorization is very short.
What are the three forms of water system?
1, dendritic water system, such as Gui Jiang.
2. Fan-shaped water system, such as Haihe River system.
3. Feather water system, southwest longitudinal valley and other areas.
4. Parallel water system, such as the water system above Bengbu in Huaihe River.
5. Grid water system, such as Minjiang River system.
In addition, there are comb water system, radial water system and centripetal water system.
What are the forms of social control? Social control refers to the process that social organizations use social norms to restrain the social behavior of their members. There are broad sense and narrow sense, and broad sense social control refers to the control of all social behaviors; Social control in a narrow sense, especially the control of deviant behavior or deviant behavior. It can coordinate the relationship between social execution systems, correct their execution trajectory, control their execution direction and speed, make them functionally coupled, structurally coordinated and complementary, make all social execution systems execute synchronously as much as possible, and promote the benign execution and coordinated development of society.
Mainly includes:
① From the essence of social control, it has obvious centralization and transpersonality. The centralization of social control means that social control always reflects the interests and will of specific social organizations in a centralized way. No matter what specific content it has and what specific means it takes, it serves the overall interests and the highest will of social organizations. Transcendentality means that social control is always carried out on behalf of a social organization in the name of a society. It is this super-individuality above the individual that makes it more powerful in controlling the individual.
② From the function of social control, it has obvious dependence and interaction. Dependence means that social control can only play a role if it depends on social entities. These entities include social organizations, social individuals and information media that disseminate social norms. Interaction means that social control plays a role through the interaction between social behaviors.
③ From the process of social control, it is multi-directional and cross-cutting. Multi-direction refers to the fact that the controlling subject sends out various information in various ways, and serves as various information transmission media in the intermediate link, and also connects various social spiritual factors with many social individuals, thus making social control a complex process of multi-direction intersection and multi-layer connection.
Microcomputer control technology is usually divided into six types, namely? The main contents include: an overview of computer control system; Interface technology of input and output channels in microcomputer control system: man-machine interaction interface technology; Design methods of common control programs; Data processing of microcomputer control system: digital PID control; Industrial control computer and configuration control software; Anti-interference Technology of Microcomputer Control System —— Design and Practice of Microcomputer Control System
What are the four forms of repeated plane formation? Repetitive form (with a basic simplex as the main body and repeated arrangement in the basic format, the arrangement can change the direction and position, which has a strong sense of formal beauty)
Skeleton and basic form have the property of repetition, which is called repeated composition. In this structure, the horizontal and vertical lines that make up the skeleton must be repeated in equal proportion, and the skeleton lines can change their direction and width, but they must also be repeated in equal proportion. The requirements for the basic shape can be repeated in the skeleton, and the direction and position can also be changed. When coloring, the words "positive" and "negative" can also be interchanged, but the part of the basic shape that exceeds the skeleton must be removed.
-Simple repeated formation
-Multivariate repetition
What is the main control system for authorization, approval and control of monetary funds? 1. Authorization, approval and post division control system
(a) the authorization and approval system of monetary funds
The authorization and approval system of monetary funds requires:
1. Define the approval method, authority, procedures, responsibilities and related control measures of the approver of monetary fund business.
2. Clarify the responsibilities and work requirements of the manager in handling monetary fund business.
3. For important monetary fund payment business, collective decision-making and approval shall be implemented, and a system of accountability shall be established.
4. It is strictly forbidden for unauthorized institutions or personnel to handle monetary funds business or directly contact monetary funds. (B) the post division system of monetary funds
The premise of post division is to establish post responsibility system, clarify the authority of relevant departments and posts, and ensure the separation, restriction and supervision of incompatible posts. The purpose of designing the post division system of monetary funds is that no one can handle the whole process of monetary funds business, including the division of cashier posts and accounting posts within the accounting department of enterprises, as well as the division of business posts related to the implementation of monetary funds and the division of leadership posts for the approval of monetary funds. Therefore, the post division system of monetary funds is decomposed into a series of post responsibility systems, such as the post division of leaders at all levels of enterprises, the post division of business departments, the post division of management functional departments and the post division of cashier and accounting positions within accounting departments. The post division system of monetary funds requires the establishment of the responsibility system for cashiers, examination and approval leaders, custodians of special seals, accountants, auditors, custodians of accounting files and auditors of monetary funds.
In this series of post responsibility system, the separation, restraint and supervision system of incompatible posts involving monetary fund business is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. The authorized full-time cashier is responsible for the receipt, payment and custody of monetary funds, and other personnel are not allowed to touch them.
Authorized full-time cashier is responsible for the receipt, payment and custody of monetary funds, and other personnel are not allowed to contact with them. Its purpose is to ensure that the responsibility goes to the people, to make the rights and responsibilities of the receipt, payment and custody of monetary funds clear, to prevent the phenomenon that many people bear the responsibility and no one has reason to bear it because of ultra vires and collusion, and to let the cashier effectively assume the responsibility for the safety of monetary funds.
2. The cashier cannot be responsible for the registration and custody of the general ledger at the same time.
Decided by the cashier's job responsibilities, the cashier should register the cash, deposit journal and other monetary funds subsidiary ledger at the same time, and prepare accounting vouchers if authorized, so as to facilitate work and improve work efficiency. Because the general ledger controls the journal and the subsidiary ledger, the cashier cannot be responsible for the registration and custody of the general ledger at the same time. Otherwise, the errors and frauds in cashier's work will not be discovered in time, and the general ledger will lose its due control function.
3. The cashier can't be responsible for the bookkeeping of non-monetary fund accounts at the same time.
Generally speaking, the occurrence of each monetary fund receipt and payment business, on the one hand, causes the increase or decrease of monetary funds (debit and credit), on the other hand, causes the corresponding non-monetary fund accounts to change in the opposite direction (debit and credit). This is the connotation of subject correspondence in double entry bookkeeping. Using this account correspondence in double-entry bookkeeping method, we can clearly see the ins and outs of monetary funds, and we can supervise whether the receipt and payment of monetary funds are correct from one side of non-monetary funds accounts. If the cashier is also responsible for the bookkeeping of non-monetary fund accounts, this supervision will be lost, and it is possible to cover up the cashier's fraud.
4. Cashiers should be separated from those who examine and approve monetary funds, and a strict examination and approval system should be implemented.
Cashier is the executor of monetary fund collection and payment business, and its execution is based on the vouchers (original vouchers) of economic business and the approval of authorized leaders. This is two kinds of supervision over the income and expenditure of monetary funds. If the examiners and executors are integrated, they will naturally lose a kind of supervision and create conditions for fraud.
5. The receipt and payment of monetary funds and the special seal for the control of receipt and payment of monetary funds shall not be managed by one person.
Each special seal for controlling the expenditure of monetary funds represents a control procedure, plus business handling, approval of authorized leaders at all levels, cashier's audit responsibilities, etc. , constitutes the regulatory defense of monetary funds. If the receipt and payment of monetary funds and the special seal for controlling the receipt and payment of monetary funds are managed by one person (often a cashier), several lines of defense will be ineffective. Imagine that if the cashier manages several seals at the same time, it will certainly facilitate the payment of monetary funds, which can be described as "one-stop" service. But it also means that the cashier is the richest man in the world, because only the enterprise has how much money he wants to take, and he wants to take it, which is a breeze.
6 cashier personnel should be separated from monetary fund auditors and accounting file keepers.
According to the general regulations of design post responsibilities, the cashier is responsible for the receipt and payment of monetary funds, the auditor is responsible for the audit of accounting and cashier business, and the archivist is responsible for the custody of accounting files. These are three typical incompatible positions. If the three are not separated, then cashier fraud cannot be found in the audit. If he is suspected of cheating, his last resort is to tamper with and destroy the original records. From this point of view, the audit post and the accounting file custody post are the constraints and supervision of the cashier post. 7. The cashier should be separated from the person in charge of cash counting and the person in charge of bank reconciliation.
The cashier is the custodian of monetary funds. What's the difference between him and the warehouse keeper? If there is any difference between the two, it is that one is in charge of money and the other is in charge. Then, can the warehouse keeper of the property inspection do the inventory himself? What's the difference between checking cash and checking bank statements? Therefore, there must be a special inventory personnel responsible for regular and irregular inventory of cash, bank deposits and other monetary funds managed by cashiers.
Second, the internal control system of monetary fund income
(1) Control procedures of monetary fund income
There are mainly two kinds of monetary fund income of enterprises: one is from the operating income of the current period and the recovery of accounts receivable in the previous period; The other is the infrequent monetary fund income, such as borrowing, issuing bonds, recovering foreign investment, obtaining investment income, selling fixed assets and intangible assets, etc. Generally speaking, business income from selling goods, providing services and selling raw materials is the main source of monetary fund income, and its business execution is also the most complicated. For these operating income, the enterprise must formulate the corresponding monetary fund income control scheme according to the characteristics of its own business, so as to facilitate the coordination of various functional parts and comply with them. General enterprise monetary fund income control procedures as shown in figure 5- 1.
Strict control procedures should also be established for monetary fund income other than operating income, such as borrowing, issuing bonds, recovering foreign investment, obtaining investment income, selling fixed assets and intangible assets, collecting rent, deposit and compensation, etc., to ensure the safety and integrity of monetary fund income.
(2) Other control systems of monetary fund income.
In addition to formulating the control procedures of monetary fund income, enterprises must also control the aspects related to monetary fund income. Mainly includes:
1. Strictly control the date and amount of payment to ensure that the due income is recovered in time and sent to the bank in time.
2. All receipts and invoices must be numbered consecutively, and a strict and detailed collection and recovery system shall be established.
3 the establishment of cash, checks, drafts and other monetary funds income anti-counterfeiting inspection system. Third, the control system of monetary fund expenditure.
(A) the control procedures of monetary capital expenditure
The monetary fund expenditure business of an enterprise involves a wide range of business matters, such as external payment of goods, related expenses, tax payment, repayment and internal payment of wages and other related labor costs. Its payment methods mainly include cash expenditure and bank transfer expenditure. Whether it is cash expenditure or bank transfer expenditure, the corresponding monetary fund expenditure control scheme must be formulated according to the characteristics of enterprise payment business, so as to facilitate the coordination and compliance of various functional departments.
The control program design of monetary fund expenditure generally includes the following four links:
1. Payment application
The relevant departments or individuals of the unit shall submit an application for payment of monetary funds to the approver in advance, indicating the purpose, amount, budget and payment method of monetary funds, and attach an economic contract or relevant certificates.
2. Payment approval
The approver shall examine and approve the payment application according to his responsibilities, authority and corresponding procedures. The approver shall not approve the application for payment of monetary funds that do not meet the requirements.
3. Payment review
The reviewer shall review the approved application for payment of monetary funds, including whether the approval scope, licensing authority and procedures of the application for payment of monetary funds are correct, whether the procedures and related documents are complete, whether the amount calculation is accurate, whether it exceeds the budget scope or standard, and whether the payment method and payment unit are appropriate. After verification, it will be paid by cashier.
Processing payment
According to the verified payment application, the cashier shall go through the formalities for payment of monetary funds in accordance with the regulations, and register the cash and deposit journals in time.
The most important, frequent and complicated monetary fund expenditure of general enterprises is material procurement, and its specific control procedures are shown in Figure 5-2.
The above procedures are not only applicable to external payment of goods and expenses, but also applicable to internal payment of wages, bonuses and employee reimbursement expenses.
What are the main forms of marketing control? 1. Marketing control is a process management control that directs marketing to be gradually realized according to the established goals. Its main forms include target decomposition, responsibility allocation, marketing calendar management, execution supervision, information feedback and other forms.
2. A marketing manager who can do marketing control can often perform marketing management in place, so that enterprises can obtain a good marketing input-output ratio. This includes the key issues of marketing management.
3. Any marketing combination method is divided into primary and secondary. As the operator of marketing control, we must first distinguish the primary and secondary degree of each element in marketing joint. Then set the target amount and implementation method according to the priority, implement it to the specific responsible person, and provide implementation assistance.
4. While completing the above work, the specific standards and flexibility of implementation are usually the most disturbing. But it is also the difficulty of marketing control. Because the system is formulated in advance, but the market is changing at any time. It is very likely that there will be a counterattack from competitors, and it may be necessary to adjust the marketing focus.
Therefore, marketing control generally includes the following core keywords:
Objectives, methods, supervision mechanism, person in charge, feedback, market information
What are the five parts of the letter format: title, body, signature and date?
Example: ("_" indicates a space)
Dear XX (or dear, etc. ):
_ _ Hello!
_ _ (Text)
I am here to convey
_ _ salute!
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (name)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (date)
Ps: (note: handwritten letters are used when you remember what to write after writing the above contents)
_ _ (content)
1. Letter format
2. The generation of recipients and the tone of writing.
3. Alphabetic fonts (neat and clean, elegant and beautiful)
4. Place and date of signature
5. The purpose and location of the letter
6. manuscript paper (Email can appropriately choose the background of manuscript paper to set off the theme)
7. Letter cover format and recipient address
Letter writing format
Letters have a long history and their formats have changed several times. Today, according to the usual custom, the format of a letter mainly includes five parts: title, body, ending, signature and date.
1. Address
Also known as the "initial", it is the address of the recipient. The address should be written in the top box of the first line of stationery, followed by ":",and no more after the colon. Address and signature should correspond, and the relationship between yourself and the recipient should be clear. (See Section 4 "Social Address" for details. The address can be given by name, address, modifier or directly. Here are some detailed rules:
(1) Letter to elders. If it is a close relative, only write the title, not the name, such as "father", "mother", "brother" and "sister-in-law"; If they are relatives, write the title of the relationship, such as "menstruation" and "menstruation". For elders who are not close relatives, first names or surnames can be added before addressing, such as "Aunt Zhao" and "Uncle Huang".
(2) Letters to peers. Couples or relationships can directly use each other's names and nicknames with modifiers or directly use modifiers, such as "Li", "Hua Min" and "Dear". Letters from classmates, fellow villagers, colleagues and friends can be written directly with names and nicknames, or "classmates" and "comrades", such as Sheng Rui, Lao Ji, Xiao Zou and San Mao.
(3) a letter to the younger generation. Generally write names directly, such as "Le Yi", "Junping" and "Amin". You can also add a generational title after the name, such as "Li Hua's niece"; You can also use titles directly, such as "granddaughter" and "son".
(4) Letters to teachers usually only write their own gender or name, plus the word "teacher", such as "Teacher Duan", "Teacher Zhou" and "Teacher Ju Jihai". Teachers who are very familiar with them can also be simply called "teachers" and "masters". It is unnatural and disrespectful to directly address "Mr. Sun Songping" and "Mr. Wang Dafu" in the letter, instead of directly addressing their first names and surnames. For teachers with expertise and high respect, the word "Lao" is often added after the surname to show respect, such as "Lao Dai" and "Zhou Lao", and the word "Mr" can also be added after the name. For the sake of seriousness, there are also people who are commensurate with their positions, such as "Professor Dong", "Dr. Chen" and "Child Engineer".
(5) Letters to a unit or several people can be written as "comrades", "gentlemen" and "XX comrades" if they are not named. The letter to the organization can directly write the name of the organization. Such as "XX Committee" and "XX Company". Letters to leaders of government agencies and organizations can be addressed by their names directly, plus "Comrade", "Mr." or positions, or directly followed by "leading comrades", "responsible comrades", "general manager" and "factory director".
If the letter is written to two people at the same time, the two titles should be side by side, or one after another, with the elders first.
Adjectives such as "respected", "beloved" and "dear" can sometimes be added to the above five occasions to show respect or intimacy. Of course, this should be used properly. For example, if you call your friend "dear", it will appear to be a stranger, and it will be impolite to call a young woman who has no special relationship "dear".
2. Text
The text usually begins with a greeting. Greeting is a civilized and polite behavior, but also a courtesy to the recipient, which reflects the writer's concern for the recipient. The most common greeting is "Hello!" "Almost ready!" According to the seasonal solar terms, there are often changes, such as "Happy New Year!" "Happy Spring Festival!" Greetings are written on the next line of salutation, with two spaces in front, which often form a paragraph.
After greeting, there are often a few opening remarks. Such as "long time no see, hope that you are well." "How is everything recently?" "I haven't communicated for a long time, so I miss it!" Something like that Greetings should be concise and appropriate.
Then there is the main part of the text-the text, which is what the author wants to say. It can be an appeal, a reply, an exhortation, an emotional expression, a polite refusal, a congratulations, a help, a sympathy, a narrative, a rebuttal, and so on. This part, before you start writing, you should keep it in mind, understand the main idea of writing, and make it clear and hierarchical. If you want to talk about several things at the same time in the letter, you should pay more attention to clear priorities, echo from beginning to end, and have appropriate details. It's better to say one thing at a time, and don't mix them up.
end
After writing the text, you should end the letter with some words of respect, wishes or encouragement. Traditionally, it is called greeting or tribute, which is a courtesy to the receiver. If you like, you can choose the right words according to people and specific situations, and don't use them indiscriminately. (See "Congratulations" in "Common Letters" in the next section. )
There are two idioms at the end:
(1) When the text is finished, write "From here" immediately, and write "Salute" in the top box or two empty boxes.
(2) Don't write "Henceforth", just write the words "salute", "good", "health" and "peace" on another line, and don't add suffixes to the text. You can also write "Best wishes" and "Best wishes" at the end of the article, and write "Ankang" and "Health" in the two blanks.
4. Signature and date
In the last line of the letter, sign the author's name. The signature should be written on the right half line after the end of the text. If you are writing to relatives and friends, you can add your own address, such as son, brother, brother, nephew, etc. And then write your name instead of your last name. If it is a letter to an organization, be sure to write down all your first and last names. After signing, sometimes "Gongcheng" and "Cautious" are added as appropriate to show respect. The above claims must be consistent with the letterhead title.
A date indicating the writing time of a letter, written behind or below the signature. Sometimes the writer will add his own position, especially when writing on the road.
What role does the control valve play in the hydraulic system? What are the usual categories? The executive components in the hydraulic system (such as hydraulic cylinder and hydraulic motor) need to start, brake, change direction and adjust the movement speed frequently to adapt to the change of external load, so there is a set of hydraulic components to control and adjust the mechanism, usually controlled by control valves. It does not do external work, but is only used to control the actuator to meet the work efficiency requirements of the main engine.
1. Control valves are classified according to their functions.
(1) directional control valves such as one-way valve and reversing valve are used to control the oil flow direction and realize the start, stop, forward and backward of the actuator.
(2) Pressure control valves, such as overflow valves, overflow valves, sequence valves, etc., are used to control the pressure in the hydraulic system to meet the force, torque or working program control required by the actuator.
(3) Flow control valves, such as throttle valves and speed control valves, are used to control the oil flow in the hydraulic system to achieve the required movement speed of the actuator.
2. Control valves are classified according to their connection modes.
(1) pipeline connection. The pipeline valves are connected by threads, which are directly connected in series with the system pipelines, without special connecting plates.
(2) Plate connection. Flat valves require special connecting plates. Install the valve on the connecting plate with screws, connect the pipeline with the connecting plate, install the valve in front of the plate, and connect the oil pipe behind the plate.
(3) Flange connection, when the flow rate is greater than 300L/min, flange connection is adopted. Weld the flange at the pipe end and connect it with the valve body with screws.
(4) Integrated block type, which is a universal hexahedron, with pipe fittings connected with the actuator on one side and valve components on the other three sides. The internal channels of the manifold block communicate with each valve to form different basic circuits. The upper and lower surfaces of integrated blocks are the connection surfaces between blocks, and several integrated blocks are stacked together with long bolts, which not only constitutes the whole hydraulic system.
Its characteristics are: compact structure, few oil pipes, and convenient loading, unloading and maintenance.
(5) The superimposed valve type is a standardized hydraulic component. The valve bodies are stacked together by bolts, and the stacked valves are directly connected with each other to form a hydraulic system. Each superposition valve functions as both a control valve and a channel body.
Its characteristics are: compact structure, few oil pipes, small volume, light weight, no need for pipeline connection, small pressure loss, saving a lot of oil pipes and pipe joints.
(6) Plug-in type, this valve has no separate valve body. The plug-in consisting of valve core and valve sleeve is inserted into the prefabricated hole of the plug-in, and the plug-in plays the role of valve body and pipeline. Several plugs are combined together through channels in the block to form a loop.
Its characteristics are: it is very suitable for occasions with large flow.
3. Control valves are classified according to their operation modes.
There are manual, pedal, motor, pneumatic, electric and hydraulic modes, sometimes a combination of several modes.
4, according to the working pressure classification
According to the working pressure of control valve in hydraulic system, it can be divided into low pressure valve, medium pressure valve and high pressure valve.
5, according to the control principle of classification
There are usually on-off valves, proportional valves, servo valves and digital valves. After the switch valve is set, it can only work in the set state. Proportional valve and servo valve can control system parameters in wired or proportional way according to input signals. The digital valve side directly controls the action of the valve through digital signals.